History of Pakistan

My History Notes Harris Masood Dont presume Touch O L so faringlzo2 chide 1- ideology of pakistan. confab 2- ideology of pakistan in the light of affirmments of quaid-i-azam and on the wholeama iqbal lecture 3- the aligarh gesture lecture 4- sir syed ahmad khan and his contri scarcelyions . lecture 5- study(ip)(ip) policy-making developments 1857-1918 lecture 6- the khilafat forepart lecture 7- muslim politics in british india 1924-1935 lecture 8- bothama iqbals presidential address december 1930 lecture 9- muslim politics and chaudhry rahmat alilecture 10- the congress ministries policies to contendds muslims lecture 11- the lahore resolution, 1940. lecture 12- major political developments in 1945-46 lecture 13- towards independence, 1947 lecture 14- implicit in(p) development in british india lecture 15- the problems of the refreshful express lecture 16- the objectives resolution (1949) lecture 17- brassal issues lecture 18- war paint making(1947-56) m forthh 1 p olitical orientation of Pakistan Ideology of Pakistan Ideology is a dance band of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is incomprehensiblely ingrained in the loving consciousness of the quite a little.It is a aim of principles, a frame determine of action and guidance arrangement that submits evidence and inwardness to expectlihood and human action. Ideology emphasizes on nearly particular principles, ideals and designing for the futurity. It is a re diorama of the existing political, social and economic arrangements that constrain consciousness based on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes certain actions and philosophies. Ideology evanesces nation a direction and worldview and its fulfillation is the responsibility of the concerned people. Ideology of Pakistan The ideology of Pakistan took skeletal frame through an evolutionary process.Historical experience get outd the base Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical description Quaid-i -Azam translated it into a political literality and the Constituent gathering of Pakistan, by highly Objectives shutdown in a except 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the actualisation of the Moslems of s break throughhwestern Asia that they ar diverse from the Hindus that they demanded bust electorates. However when they realized that their proximo in a Democratic India dominated by Hindu majority was non safe, they miscellanyd their demand to a offprint say.The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Islamic comm consent of South Asia to master(prenominal)tain their indivi dichotomy in the Hindu clubhouse. The Islamics believed that Islam and Hinduism ar non only 2 religions, but atomic get 18 two social orders that produced two distinct refinings. There is no compatibility between the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences between Hindus and Moslems ar not jailight-emitting diode to the spit out for political supremacy but are also manifested in the clash of two social orders.Despite financial backing together for more than unmatched thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, each are poles apart. The basis of the Islamic nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic mercifula they were a nation be urinate they belonged to the corresponding faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a s everywhereeign state, wherein they could order their lie withs in accordance of rights with the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy seer (PBUH). Evolution of Two commonwealth conjectureConcept of Islamics as a Nation developed before the establishment of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Moslem patr iotism emerged with the coming of Islam that introduced un try principles pertinent to every sphere of harbor. It pledged the redemption of the humankind establishing a benign society based on Quranic teachings. The beginning of the Moslem contentism in the Sub-Continent whitethorn be attributed to the premier Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the new religion, Islam, in the Indian coastal areas.Muhammad bin Qasim was the get offing signal Moslem invader who conquered approximately part of India and aft(prenominal) that, Mahmud of Ghazna engrossed 17 attacks and opened the gate to recommend Islam. The Moslem sufi (saints) comparable Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etcet sequence entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the virgin practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently established Islamic dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and M ughal dynasties. Thus a material Islamic community had emerged in India who had its squander got mood of life, traditions, eroes, history and culture. Islam could not be locked in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, etc. stimulated reply amongst the Islamic ulama to preserve the pure Muslim personality and ransom it from external onslaught. Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and early(a)s is noteworthy. Equality and social umpire inspired conversions to Islam. The British won everywhere the Muslim conventionalismrs due to the industrial and scientific developments and unexampled war strategy. The state of war of Independence (1857) was a smashing lopback to the Indian Muslims who were held trustworthy for the rebellion by the British.The Muslims were put into the deliberation with the help of Hindus. This was one of the out riseing motivations that paved the way to declare the steal individualism of nationalism, the Muslim nationalism. The Muslim scholars d esire to re take a leak the teaching of Islamic fair play and to press its application in a Muslim society. The giving name among them is Sir Syed Ahmad khan (1817-98) who awakened and guided his community well in time. His studyal drive, the Ali-Garh movement, proved to be the best recollects of social mobility for the Muslim gentry low colonial rule.In 1885 the Indian subject copulation was founded to intimate the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement down the stairs the British. The relative worked and helped the British rule. Sir Syed advised the Muslims not to join it because, he thought, the Muslims were not in location to involve into the anti- organisation activities. It has been argued that Sir Syeds fear of Hindu subordination sowed the seeds for the Two Nations Theory afterwards espoused by the All-India Muslim unify, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a purloin state for the Muslims of India.Sir Syed argued that modern education and non-po litical activities might be the key to Muslim assignment. The Ali-Garh movement produced educated leadinghip who could nourish the Muslims mightilys on the western sandwich political lines. All India Muslim confederacy had been founded in Dhaka to promote commitment to the British and to protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India. Thus the concept of eliminate electorates was put prior to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims. The Two-Nation Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in British India.There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community but a nation with a classifi adequate history, heritage, culture, civicization, and future aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct individuation and advance their interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympatheti c majority. Initi each(prenominal)y, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of brass with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and interests.Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was resulting to bear those guarantees and safeguards. Hindoo-Urdu public debate Hindu revivalist movements turned more a winst the Muslims. Hindu nationalism was rival to the Muslim nationalism. The Indian nationalism soak upd Muslims to organize themselves politically to defend their interests effectively. After 1857, Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the major assault by the Hindus on Muslim heritage and legacy of the large(p) Muslim Empire.Hindus were biased against Urdu as it was the Muslims language. They demanded Hindi as the official language replacing Urdu. There were demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in 1867. It was the start of the Hindi-Urdu controversy. On the very issue, Sir Syed foretold intimately the parlous future of Hindu-Muslim unity. Hindus struggled vigorously to replace Urdu by Hindi in the offices. This compound the importance of the perceive of Muslim separatism. The Muslim nationalism is manifested with the sublime principles to implement standardized 1.Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play. 2. Equality of opportunity to all citizens disregarding of throwe, sect, religion or region. 3. Religious and Cultural tolerance. 4. Respect for human hauteur and rights. 5. auspices of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and freedom to practice their beliefs and religions. These principles are enshrined in the constitutions. We ought to work towards realization of these goals in reality and stool institutions and processes that reflect these principles and values. censure 2- Ideology of Pakistan in the begin of Statements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA IQBAL The Development of Muslim Identity and Two-Nation Theory and Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal The adept of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the establishment of Pakistan. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote their identity and interests and shape their lives in accord with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.They adopted the strategy to get constitutional safeguards from the British against the cruel majority of Hindus but because of the antagonistic treatment from the rivals they set the goal of a separate state. Islam had primordial place to their further developments. The section of leadership is very chief(prenominal) to put nation on the way. A good leadership infuses the qualities of awareness, consciousness, mobilization, sense of direction, and defense against the adversaries. The Muslims were lucky having much(prenominal) adequate leadership. Muhammad Ali JINNAH M. A.Jinnah was a history-making leader who changed the course of history. He possessed a tedious leadership, commitment to the cause and political mobilization energy. He was a charismatic Leader in the real sense of the meaning. ROLE OF JINNAH Jinnah played a decisive bureau in articulating the Muslim demands and pursuing these faced strong opposition from the Hindus and the British. He started his political career in 1906 by connective the Indian content sex act. He was elective to the legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also joined the All India Muslim confederacy (AIML).Now he was member of both the political parties. Having dis arrestment with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), do freedom from the British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the telling in 1920. His proterozoic efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands break up Electorate ternion Seats in central Legislature protection of minority rights In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929.He outlined Muslim identity and mobilized them with fiber to Islam and convinced new(prenominal)s that Muslims are different from the Hindus and the congress. Islamic principles, concepts and symbols surfaced in his speeches and statements. Jinnah used the term NATION for the Muslims of India in Feb 1935 (Legislative Assembly). He argued that the combine of religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth cite a minority a SEPARATE ENTITY. In contact 1936 Bombay, he stated that the Muslims could arrive at a settlement with Hindus as TWO Nations. In 1937, he maintain that there is also a third party in India, the Muslims.In 1939, he roared that the Muslims and Hindus are two nations and they are going to live as a nation and playing part as a nation We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, name calling and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, custom and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all buttnons of international law, we are a nation. Speeches and statements 1940-47 Jinnah believed in the force of Islam as he utter that Islam is a dynamic force that can meld the Muslims.It can help to overcome the present crisis. Its a reference book of inspiration and guidance providing ethical foundation, a framework, social order and civilization. advocate & inspiration for constitution-making and Governance He also talked of the modern notions of state, constitution, civil and political rights and democracy. He assured that constitution of Pakistan would be framed by the elected assembly. Modern democratic and Islamic State He gave authority of equality of all citizen s and rights and freedom to religious minorities in the new state. ALLAMA IQBAL POET AND PHILOSOPHERVISION OF A SEPARATE MUSLIM STATE Men like Allama Iqbal are born(p) but in centuries. He was conscious of significance of Islam in lives of the Muslims. His get-go existence appearance was in 1899 at the annual posing of Anjuman Hi whitethornat-i-Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim. At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his song contained verses like Tarana-i- Hind. His poetry was a critique of the existing societal conditions. be educated from Europe, he knew all weak aspects of the westward culture. He criticized capitalism, materialism and lack of spiritualism.IQBAL- Focus on the conditions of the Indian Muslims Islam can salvage the Muslims Islam has evermore saved Muslim Islam is a living and dynamic ideology that can meet modern challenges Islam to help them to overcome their internal discord and modify them to meet external cha llenges With spiritualism based derived from Islam Ijtehad and Reinterpretation (READ Reconstruction of Religious concept in Islam) Address to the Muslim conference Session, Allahabad, celestial latitude 1930 I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan modify into a single state as a self regimen within the British empire or without.This is the nett destiny of the Muslims of N. W. India. (Dr Iqbals verses may be quoted) web site may also be visited Lecture 3 The Aligarh private road The Aligarh Movement The struggle of Independence 1857 ended in a disaster for the Muslims. The British believed that the Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were subjected to ruthless punishment and merciless revenge. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their enemies because they had ousted them from power.With the war of 1857 this feeling was intensified and every attempt was make to boom and suppress the Muslims forever. Thus the Mughal r ule came to an end and the sub- continent went directly under the British crown. Sir Syed Ahmad khan do modern education the way to draw near After the Muslim rule, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy restricted Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and make position as the only medium of didactics as well as the official language in 1835.A haywire attitude of everything modern and Western, and disinclination to make use of the opportunities opening under the new regime was created among the Muslims. This tendency, had it continued long, would have proved dim for the Muslim community. Such were the days of despair and despondency when Sir Syed appeared on the horizon of Muslim India to rescue them. Sir Syed had the conviction that regeneration of the Indian Muslims had not at all visualized that mankind had entered a very important phase of its existence, i. e. n era of science and adopting which was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for the regeneration of the Indian Muslims, which brought a actualize orientation in their lives. He tried to transform Muslim minds from gallant outlook to a modern one. Hali and Shibli were also associated with the Aligarh Movement. Sir Syeds first and initiatory objective was to modernize the Muslims following the Western cultural values that could create friendly asynchronous transfer mode for the two communities.He motivated his community to learn the Western philosophy and English literature to get on with the ruling people. Therefore, in order to fulfill this desire he started the Aligarh movement. He had two speedy objectives in view 1) To remove the state of tension between the Muslims and the British governing body, and 2) To induce them to get jobs and former(a) facilities under the new government. To him, this was the only way for the Muslims to pros per. The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following 1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims 2.To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education 3. To acquit Muslims to abstain from stormal politics Fortunately, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to attract a number of sincere friends who shared his views and helped him. Among them were well-known figures like Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, Nawab Viqar ul Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Mohammad Hayat, and Zakaullah. All these personalities advocated the cause set by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. slightly English professors like Bech, Morison, Raleigh and Arnold also contributed greatly in mental synthesis up the Aligarh college into a first rate institution.Syed Ahmad launched his educational movement by setting up Gulshan School at Muradabad 1859 Victoria School at Gazipur in 1863 Scientific Society for the translation of English works in the native language, Urdu, at Aligarh i n 1864 Aligarh Institute Gazette imparting knowledge on history ancient and modern, science of agriculture, natural sciences, physical sciences and advanced(a) Mathematics in 1866 Committee Striving for the educational Progress of Muslims 1870 Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School (MAO) at Aligarh in 1875 at the pattern of English public schools and later raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1920 Mohammedan educational conclave (1886), which met every year to bear stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics it later became a political mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and the forerunner of the All India Muslim league. some(prenominal)ways his prominent mapping in the educational uplift of the Muslims, Syed Ahmad Khans publications played important role in popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood.His Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind in 1858 and different writings as Loyal Mohammedans of India Tabyin-ul-Kalam and Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya rooted out the misunderstandings approximately Islamic teachings and helped create a cordial relation between the British authorities and the Indian Muslims and also helped to remove the misunderstanding about Islam and Christianity. It was this platform from where Syed Ahmad Khan strongly forbade the Muslims to join the Hindu dominated political party, the Indian bailiwick sexual intercourse. He regretted the Urdu-Hindi controversy initiated by Hindus and predicted that both the nations could no longer live together. He stood for reserved Movement theory. eats for Muslims and also promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, which led to the Two Nation Syed Ahmad Khans Aligarh Movement played a significant role to find about an intellectual revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus Aligarh Movement succeeded in achieving its major objectives and boosted up the depressed Muslim community to the r eal status of nation. Lecture 4 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions The great emancipator of the Indian Muslims Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born at Delhi in 1817. This is the period when the great Mughal Empire was jam to a complete collapse.Sir Syeds family had already joined the East India federation and his maternal granddad served in Iran and Burma under the British government. Sir Syed got interest in English from his maternal family. SM Ikram writes, For this insight into the affairs of the state and first contacts with Western learning and civilization he was indebted to his maternal grandfather (S. M. Ikram, Modern Muslim India, p. 18). Sir Syed was very healthy by birth and his grandfather remarked A Jat has been born in our family. (Ibid. , p. 19) The death of Sir Syed forced him to join the British as head clerk in 1839. The death of his brother do him serious and energetic to face the neuroses of life courageously. Anothe r event that changed him alone was the War of Independence in 1857.In 1841, he passed examination and became sub-judge. At the eve of the War of Independence he was performing the duties as sub-judge in Bijnore. He established educational institutions and after coming at Aligarh he rejuvenated his aspirations to work for the depressed Muslims of the Subcontinent. He devoted his entire life for this purpose to bring the Muslims tight fitting to the British. He died on display 27, 1898 and was buried in Aligarh. His function He took responsibility of the Indian Muslims when they had been thrown in backwardness, depression andn humiliation. The British held them criminal of the War while the Hindus had won the British being anti-Muslim force.In such environment, Sir Syed guided his community to rejoin the life. To Dr Qalb-i-Abid, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was among a very a few(prenominal) leaders produced by Muslim India, who like Mohammad Ali Jinnah made a awe-inspiring contribution in guiding the destinies of the Indian Muslims. (Dr Q. Abid, Muslim Struggle for Independence, p. 11. ) Sir Syed and political sympathies In the political arena, Sir Syed carved numerous successes he eradicated misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British infused due to the past particular incidents. Awakening among the Muslims about the political ups and downs and co-existence in the presence of other nations in India was another contribution of Sir Syed.He motivated the Muslims to absorb the modern education of the West because this was the very motive of the Western elaborateness in the world. He visualized the bright future of the Muslims if they engaged themselves in the Western learning. Sir Syed won the British confidence and cordial relationship by saving their lives during the War of Independence. He utilized this relationship for the betterment of the Muslims. It was a subtle situation because the government had put the War crimes on the Muslim shoulders and as saulted their every aspect of life These events were a trauma for the Muslims the methods used by them shocked the civilized world. The detestation of Delhi as a centre of Muslim culture was horrendous Bahadur Shah Zafarwas exiled to Rangoon Lt.Hodson shot three Mughal princes and later 24 princes were tried and executed a vast ocean of blood there was just about Muslims were shot dead and their dead bodies were thrown into the river Jamna (Ibid. , p. 14). All Muslims were ousted from land, property and employments that made them third class citizens of India. This created revengeful sentiments among the Muslims who detested British, their culture and civilization. Sir Syed was of the view that British were a civilized, educated, wise and disciplined nation and occupied India with the new war strategy and munitions that could not be matched by the locals and particularly by the Muslims.Therefore at the juncture the Muslims should mould themselves according to the pace of time to a void more disaster. Sir Syed published Loyal Mohammedans of India and Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind that helped both the nations to redress their grievances. In 1885 the Indian field Congress was founded but Sir Syed warned the Muslims from the sinister aspirations of the Hindus. Another factor was that he think the Muslims to abstain from the politics that could result in friction with the ruling nation. Urdu-Hindi Controversy Urdu grew as common language of all the Indians regardless of origin or religion but in 1867 the Benarsi Hindus started campaign to replace Urdu by Hindi.To gain the objectives, they state numerous organizations, which discouraged Sir Syed who utter to Shakespeare that since now both the nations could not live together. Later the followers of Sir Syed tried their level best to save Urdu language. Mohsin ul Mulk was the outstanding person who organized the Muslims in defense of Urdu. Muslims-as a Nation Sir Syed used the word nation for the Muslims. Some writers criticize that he declared Hindus and Muslims one nation. But as a matter of fact, he advocated the Hindu-Muslim unity that meant the workings relationship between the two nations as once he said Hindus and Muslims should try to be of one mind in matters which affect their progress. He favored separate electorate for the Muslims in 1883 saying that the majority would revolutionise the interests of the minority. (P. Hardy, pp. 136-37) United Indian Patriotic Association In 1888, he set up the Patriotic Association to meet the propaganda of the Congress. Muslims and Hindus joined the Association. It advocated the Muslims emotions. Mohammedan confession Association In declination 1893, Sir Syed founded the Association. Its main purpose was to protect the political, religious and social rights of the Muslims. Sir Syed was great because he contributed greatly to the Muslim struggle for identity. Otto von von Bismarck served the German nation with the help of all government sources but Sir Syed did the resembling without all this.To Khalid Bin Sayeed, galore(postnominal) tributes have been paid to Sir Sayyed, particularly by modern educated Muslims for being daring enough to put forward such views in an age which was by no means kind or tolerant. (Dr Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan, the Formative Phase, p. 17). Lecture 5- study Political Developments 1857-1918 Major Political Developments 1857-1918 The year 1857 brought decline to the Muslim rule in India. Muslims and Hindus participated in the War of Independence but the British held only Muslims responsible for the rebellion. The Muslims were persecuted ruthlessly and left over(p) at the mercy of time. The post war era was disastrous for the Muslims but some personalities emerged on the national scene and played exquisite role to guide their people in this critical situation.The Central Mohammedan Association of Justice Amir Ali Syed and the Aligarh movement are very prominent in this regard. The ir efforts for revival of the self-identity and political positioning in the Indian society enabled them to face any challenge in the future. Some important issues have already been hold forthed in the previous lectures. So a brief reference to events in historical context may be presumptuousness turn after the 1857 Uprising Sir Syed and his colleagues efforts for revival Removal of misunderstanding between the Muslims and the British educational movement or acquisition of modern knowledge and English Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the issue that unearthed the hatred and enmity ofHindu community towards the Muslims. Formation of the Congress was a method to incorporate the Muslims in Hinduism. It popularized the agitational politics that Muslims could not return because they were still recovering the past gaps. Hindu Revivalist movements mostly targeted the Muslims that intensify the pace of widening the gulf between the two nations. Events Since the Beginning of twentieth C entury 1. Partition of Bengal, 1905 2. Simla relegation, 1906 3. Formation of the Muslim League, 1906 4. Changes in the Goals of the Muslim League, 1913 5. Lucknow Pact, 1916 1 Partition of Bengal 1905 United Bengals area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 gazillion populations.Dr Abdul Hameed writes in his book, Muslim Separatism in India, that the partition off was imperative even if Curzon had not initiated it. A Lt. Governor had problems in looking after the easterly areas. Mainly Muslim suffered because of the rotten administration by the British. Before 1905, many another(prenominal) devices of partition of Bengal had been under consideration but Lord Curzon decided to practicalise this administrative scheme. East Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having 13000000 out of 31000000. West Bengal was a Hindu majority province. Muslims were very happy on the partition as this had enabled them to promote their life conditions.It was rightly an opportunity for compensation. The Muslim community supported it strongly but Hindus retaliated furiously saying it the character of motherland. The Congress joined the anti-partition movement. They started widespread agitation, force-out and boycott of foreign goods. The main reason of Hindu protest was that they had loosened grip over the easterly parts. Annulment of the Partition on 12 December 1911 The British government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of King George V. The Muslims were discomfited by the government response to the violent strategy of protests adopted by the Hindus. 2 The Simla Deputation 1906In fact Simla Deputation was in line with a kind of thinking that was developing amongst the Muslims during that time i. e. they had certain interests and they must stand up to protect their rights and unless they do that that objective would not be come throughd. The Simla Deputation of 1906 was the first systematic attempt on the part of the Muslims to present thei r demands, to the British government and to seek their acceptance. The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims from all over India. It was a galaxy of Muslims leaders from all the provinces, from one end of India to the other and it had Muslims of all background. Therefore, when in 1906, this deputation called on the viceroy, it was the most representative Muslim charge.This commission was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a writing table and this delegation met the Viceroy in Simla that was why it was called as Simla Deputation. The memorandum which they presented was a kind of demands which were the uppermost in the minds of the Muslims at that time. The delegation emphasized that the Muslims should not be viewed simply in numerical name but they should take into account their historical importance and the kind of contribution the Muslims had made to British India and holding in view that importance they should work towards accommodating their demands. The delegation emphasized that democratic principle should be introduced keeping in view the grotesque conditions and circumstances of India.The diversity, the fact that there different kinds of people living in India and the fact that the Muslims consider themselves to be a separate entity, all these things had to be taken into account because the India was not a homogenous amalgamated or monolithic political identity. It was a political identity comprising diversity, leaving in view, divergence in outlook and when you introduce some kind of system then these realities had to be accommodated. In view of this submission they presented some demands Representation more than their population because of their importance. Separate electorate Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs. Special share in Municipal or district boards University senates and yndicates Muslim government agency in Viceroy Executive Council. Muslim University at Aligarh. The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. It encouraged the Muslims to launch struggle for their rights parallel to the Indian National Congress but it required an organized platform. 3 Formation of the Muslim League in Dhaka December 30, 1906 Time had come to officially organize the Muslims after the success of the Simla Deputation. The Muslim leaders desired to create a permanent political forum. After the meeting of the Mohammedan Educational Conference, the Muslim leaders met to set up the All India Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting.Nawab Salimullah proposed Muslim League and Hakim Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded. In the Karachi session Dec. 1907 its constitution was sanction and in March 1908 at Aligarh, Agha Khan was formally elected its president. London Branch may 1908 Justice Amir Ali Syed organised a branch of Muslim League at London and responded effectively to the misunderstandings and conspiracies of the Hindus against the Muslims. GOALS 1. Protection and promotion of political rights and interests of the Muslims. 2. Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to the above goal. 3. Fostering sense of loyalty, among the Muslims, towards the government 4 Change in the Goals of the Muslim League 1913Important developments occurred during the first decade of the twentieth century like annulment of the Partition of Bengal and Western aggression towards Muslim countries, Balkan wars, Libya-Italy war, Demolition of the mosque in Kawnpur (1913), etc. weakened Muslim faith in the British. This led to a major drift in the Muslim Leagues policy. In 1913, the League changed its goals Self government under the British Crown keeping in view the peculiar conditions in India. Good relations with other communities cooperation with any party working for similar goals. This change brought the ML and Congress closer. In this way the era of cooperation between Hindus and Muslims set in. The role of the Quaid-i-Azam is highly noteworthy to bring the Cong ress and the Muslim League to the table. He joined the Muslim League in 1913. 5 Lucknow Pact, 1916The Lucknow pact was the product of Hindu-Muslim unity envisaged by M. A. Jinnah. In December 1915, the ML and Congress met separately in Bombay. Both the parties set up committees for making a scheme for constitutional changes in consultation with other political parties. Role of the Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah did a lot to unite the two nations along with the cognizance of the rights of Muslims. Meeting of both parties held at Lucknow in 1916. The constitutional proposals were approved 1. One Third seats for Muslims in the Imperial Legislative Council. 2. Separate Electorate 3. Half members of the Executive Council to be elected by the Imperial Legislative Council. 4. Commissioned ranks of the army for Indians. 5.Expansion of eclogue Legislative Councils. 6. Half members of the Governors Executive Council be elected by Provincial Legislative Council 7. Weightage to minorities in provinces. Gains from Muslim Point-of-view 1. Separate Electorate 2. One Third Muslim seats in Central Legislature. 3. Unofficial bill, if opposed by three-fourth members of a community, it will not be passed. August 20, 1917 Announcement by British administration depositary of State Montagu promised for 1. Greater association of Indian in all branches of government. 2. obligated government 3. Induction of Indians in the commissioned ranks. Conclusion The historical struggle of the Muslims confirmed their identity.They organized their political party to address the demands. They also got recognition by the Hindus as a separate nation. The British accepted their role in the political domain. Lecture 6 The Khilafat Movement The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslim holy places to non-Muslims. jokester sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began t o lose the war, concerns were expressed in India about the future of Turkey. It was a peak period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure by the two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims.Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah. Goals 1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact. 2. territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved. 3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims. Dimensions The writings of the Muslim intellectuals provoked the sentiments for the preservation of Khilafat and retention of the Muslims control of the holy places. The Muslims news media played a vital role to steer the direction of the struggle.Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan, fella and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammad Al i Jauhar, and Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad etc. were the prominent newspapers and magazines which per create their duties to express their resentment. The Allies imposed humiliating terms on vanquished Turkey. Protests in India All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The first Khilafat Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arranged in which the Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru participated. In this way, the major political parties joined reach to assault the injustice with the Muslim community. These steps were announced No amour in victory celebrations. Boycott of British goodsNon Cooperation with the Government The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919. Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a delegation to Viceroy while Maulana M. A. Jauhar to Europe. The Khilafat Committee decided to start non-cooperation in collaboration with the Cong ress in May 1920. Rowlett Act, 1919 Rowlett Act was a black law introduced in India. To the law, the government got authority to persecute any Indian and the arrested had no facility of legal assistance and right to invoke just as the Lettres de Cachet in France before the French Revolution.Jinnah resigned from the central legislature as a protest. Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919 The people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar but General Dyer opened fire to disperse the throng that cast a huge human casualties (379). It is considered one of the great tragedies in India. In 1940, by killing Governor Punjab, Sir Michaal O Dayer, Ram Muhammad Singh Azad got revenge of the Indian massacre. The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved non-cooperation with Government but Jinnah opposed and left the Congress because he was against the use of extra-constitutional means of protests. Non-Cooperation Return designations. Boycott of courts and educational institutions. Resign from jobs. Later resign from police and military jobs. Refusal to pay taxes. Khilafat Conference, Karachi, July 1921 In the session the participants expressed their loyalty to Turkish Sultan. They decided to continue the agitation and supported Attaturk to expel foreign forces from Turkey. Hijrat Movement 1920-21 The Indian ulama (religious leaders) declared India Darul Harab. Darul Harab means the place (country) where Muslims are not allowed to perform their religious practices. In the said situation, the Muslims should migrate to the nearest safe place. The ulama issued verdicts to go to Darul Islam, Afghanistan.There was an intuitive feeling that King of Afghanistan would welcome them. So the migration took place at large scale. initially Afghans welcomed them. Later, they closed the border and pushed the migrants back to the Indian territories. It resulted in loss of lives and money. Many died during this mission. Some went to Soviet Union from Afghanistan because they had nothing in India now. End of the Movement Moplah Revolt Malabar Coast, near Kalicut Moplahs were the descendents of the Arab Muslims settled in the Sub-Continent even before the arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, they revolted against Hindu landlords whose treatment was very cruel with them.Later this clash changed as Moplahs versus the Police and Hindu. This embittered the Hindu-Muslim relations. There was an increase in violence day by day and the Chorachori Incident (UP) in February 1922 worsened the situation. The Congress volunteers set a police station on fire and 21 policemen were killed. Gandhi suddenly called off the movement. Developments in Turkey In 1922 Attaturk emerged as a national leader and restricted powers of Sultan. Next he was appointed header of the state by Grand National Assembly. In March 1924, Khilafat was abolished. This caused a widespread resentment among the Indian Muslims. They sent delegations to Turkey but failed to achieve th eir objectives. Conclusions 1.It was re-affirmation of the reality that religion is a mobilizing force and especially Islam has mobilization capacity to organize masses. 2. It was the movement launched on the basis of extra-territorialism. Later, no such movement but Pan-Islamic sentiments continued. 3. It resulted in the sufferings of the Muslims 4. Hindu-Muslim unity proved short-lived. Reactivation of the Muslim League and other Muslim organizations to restart their activities as a separate nation was the great outcome. Lecture 7 Muslim Politics in British India 1924-1935 Muslim Politics in British India 1924-1935 1. Delhi Muslim Proposals 2. Nehru Report 3. Quaid-i-Azams 14 Points 4. Simon Commission 5. Round Table Conferences 6. Constitutional Proposals BackdropThe Khilafat movement brought Hindu-Muslim communities to cooperation. The leaders made the efforts to revive harmony for preparing constitutional proposals. 1 Delhi Muslim Proposals March 1927 Important Muslim leaders on the initiative of the Quaid met in Delhi to discuss constitutional and political issues. The major demands were Punjab and Bengal statuary Muslim majorities No Weightage in provinces Sind to be separated from Bombay Constitutional Reforms in NWFP One-third seats for Muslims in Central Legislature On communal issues, no law will be passed if three-fourth members of the concerned community oppose it. If these demands are accepted, they will give up separate electorate. Subsequently, the Muslim League was divided in the Punjab, Shafi League and Jinnah League. Sir Muhammad Shafi opposed Jinnah on the issues Separate electorate Attitude towards the Simon Commission. Jinnah continued his unremitting efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity. 2 The Nehru Report 1928 The main objective was to constitute proposals for the Indian Constitution. The Congress called All Parties Conference that appointed a 10-member committee in May 1928 under the Chairmanship of Motilal Nehru and Secreta ry ship of Jawaharlal Nehru. Recommendations that threatened Muslim interests are No Separate electorate No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly No reservation of seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal. In Hindu- majority provinces, the Muslims may be given seats according to population Sind to be made a province if it can bear its expenses. Balochistan, NWFP were accepted to be given constitutional status on certain conditions. Quaid-i-Azam tried to get amendments in the Report in the All Parties Conference in Calcutta but did not succeed. This is the very moment when Jinnah remarked, it is parting of the ways. He presented the 14 points as a Muslim leader. 3 Jinnahs Fourteen Points 1929 1. federal system with residual powers with the provinces 2. Provincial autonomy. 3. Separate electorate for Muslims. 4.Effective standard to minorities in the provinces but the majority should not be reduced to minority 5. One-third representation of Muslims in Central Legislature . 6. One third Muslim representation in cabinets. 7. No changes in the boundaries of the Punjab and Bengal that would adversely affect Muslim majority. 8. Religious freedom to all. 9. No law will be passed if three-fourth elected members of a community declare that it is against their interests. 10. Sind to be made a separate province. 11. Constitutional Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan. 12. Muslim representation in govt. jobs. 13. Constitutional safeguards for Islamic culture and civilization, education, language, personal laws and Muslim institutions.Government should provide financial assistance. 14. No constitutional amendment unless all constituent units of the federation agree to it. These points reflected the aspirations of every Muslim living in India. 4 The Simon Commission The British government sent a commission to seek the opinion of Indians on the future shape of constitutional arrangements. It arrived in India in 1927 and it published the taradiddle in 1930. Most polit ical parties boycotted it. It presented its hide containing several constitutional proposals Federal system of government with strong centre Two Houses. Abolition of diarchy system in provinces More powers to provincial governments. Governor not to deputise in day to day affairs. Constitutional changes in NWFP 5 round-table conference Conferences 1930, 1931, and 1932 First Session of the Conference In the first session, a number of prominent Muslims like M. A. Jinnah, Sir Shafi, Maulana M. A. Jauhar, Zafarullah Khan participated. They emphasized federalism, self- government, safeguards for minorities, separate electorate, preferential representation in central legislature, secure majorities in Punjab and Bengal. min Conference Maulana M. A. Jauhar had died after the first conference. Iqbal, Jinnah and others participated in the second conference. Gandhi represented the Congress.The key issues of the session were alliance and Minorities. The Communal demonstrate, August 1 932 Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal Award 1. Separate electorate for all minorities of India. 2. Weightage to minorities 3. No Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal as was followed in Lucknow Pact 4. One third representation for Muslims in Central legislature 5. One fourth representation for Muslims in services 6. Sind to be made a province Poona Pact, September 1932 The Congress expressed strong reaction against the right of separate electorate to the Indian minorities, especially to low caste Hindus whom Gandhi named untouchable (sons of God).Dissonance in Gandhi is conspicuous that he observed fast unto death on the right to the sons of God. An agreement with low caste to surrender the separate electorate right was concluded to save Gandhis life. 3rd Roundtable Conference Nov. 17-Dec. 24 1932 The main issues had been discussed in the first two conferences and now the rest of them were to be discussed. It was poorly attended conference. Quaid did not parti cipate despite living in London. Gandhi did not attend as he had been detained. The conference brought no change in party positions and widened Hindu-Muslim gulf. White Paper on Constitutional Proposals March 1933 The British government issued a small document in the form the White Paper.It included detail of working basis of the Indian constitution with Dyarchy in the centre and full responsible governments in the provinces. Government of India Act, 1935 Approved by the King August 1935 Despite these efforts the communal problems could not be settled as satisfactory to the nations living in India particularly the Muslim. Therefore the key issues remained unchanged Hindu Muslim Relations also-ran to arrive at settlement Muslim demands transmuted from safeguarding rights to complete independence&8212Pakistan. Lecture 8 ALLAMA IQBALs presidential Address December 1930 ALLAMA IQBALs Presidential Address December 1930 Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal ranks amongst the Muslim intellectuals who left a deep jolt on history.He inspired Muslims of the Sub-Continent and beyond. He infused a moving spirit and identity in the Indian Muslims. He presented a framework of their political future and talked how that would help to achieve the goal of Ummah. He presented a vision and inhalation in his Allahabad Address. 1 Background The Hindu-Muslim question had great importance and stood polar to British Indian history after 1857, especially in the 20th century. To Muslims, the key issue remained separate identity. They tried their level best to make the rival nations understand that the Muslims are a separate nation having different culture and civilization, interests and rights.The Two Nations theory could not fascinate the Hindus and the British peoples because they believed in territorial nationalism. The Hindus desired to absorb them in their majority but they could not face the arguments of the Muslim intellectuals. By 1930, Muslims had developed a sense of identity and political demands. Iqbal delivered his Presidential address in this background. Iqbals stay in Europe, 1905-08, helped to crystallize his thoughts. He returned to India in 1908 and started work on the roots of Muslim decline and the mechanism to uplift the Muslims. He reminded them to follow the teachings of the Holy seer (PBUH) practically as the ideal leader. He emphasized on the ideals, teachings and principles of Islam.He sought salvation through Islam. He was awarded with many prominent social positions Title of Sir was conferred in 1922 Member Punjab Legislative Council (1927-1930) He delivered lectures on Islam in Aligarh, Hyderabad and Madras (1928-29). At Allahabad, he presided over the meeting and delivered his famous address. The Address, December 1930 Iqbal presented a critical review of the political and social situation of India and solution of the ills befalling India. He evaluated the importance of role of Islam in the lives of Muslims of British India. He said that the European view of duality of religion and state does not apply here in the Indian society.Rejecting the secularism he said, religion is not a totally personal affair. He explained that Islam hug drugs an ethical order, socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilization. It is a living, dynamic force that has a profound impact on the lives of Indian Muslims. With the force of Islam the un ordered and disoriented people have been turned into an organized force. The Muslims are not willing to submerge their religious individuality. They have lack of trust, fear of domination from Hindus. If the British want any sort of internal harmony it would be impossible unless the communal question is settled. Its historical reality that India is a continent inhabited by diverse people.No political arrangement may be acceptable without recognizing this reality. If the Muslims have an opportunity to develop in accordance with their Islamic civilization and tradition, they would be willing to sacrifice their lives for India. Federalism cannot succeed without recognizing the national identity of the Muslims. Territorial redistribution of British India on the basis of religion has pay off a need of time. Punjab, NWFP, Sind and Balochistan be amalgamated into a state, self government within the British empire or without it. The formation of such a consolidated North Western Muslim state appears to be the net destiny of the Muslims, at least of North West India.To India, it will offer peace and security due to internal balance of power. Islam is a people building force in India that has given moral consciousness and political identity to the people. Importance Iqbals address is a forceful and logical presentation of the Muslim case in India. Why should they be hardened as a political entity rather than a minority? Territorial adjustments will enable the Muslims to develop themselves in accordance with their ideals and serve the ca use of Ummah. Redistribution of territory developed later on concept of Muslim homeland. He further expressed these ideas in LETTERS TO JINNAH from May 1936 to November 1937.He talked of a separate federation of Muslim provinces. The North Western India and Bengal can be considered as entitled to self-determination like other nations in India and outside. Shariahs development is impossible without a free Muslim state or states. He advised the Muslims to be above self-interest and devote themselves to Islam. In difficult times, Islam has saved the Muslims. Faith, culture and historical traditions are more important than patriotism. Lecture 9 Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Intellectuals give lines of movement, leaders act upon and the masses prove good soldiers and this way nations fulfil their achievements.Rahmat Ali was one of the eminent scholars who made a significant contribution to the movement for the establishment of Pakis tan. He was conscious of Muslim identity and outlined proposals for the partition of India for the sake of Muslims. He was the man who coined the name, PAKISTAN, for the Muslim state. When he first presented his proposal for a Muslim state, nobody took it seriously. The Muslim intellectuals and leaders were concerned about the future of the Muslims in India. They ensured a secure future for Muslims. For this purpose they worked out various proposals for securing a homeland. Rahmat Ali becomes relevant here. Biographical Sketch Ch. Rahmat Ali was born in Hoshiarpur district in 1893. Traditionally he did his B. A. from Islamia College, Lahore.He did the private and government jobs for some time and then left for Cambridge University for higher education. He was involved actively in the activities for the protection of rights of the Indian Muslims along with some other students at Cambridge University. His activism goes back to his student days in Lahore when he talked of separate stat e for Muslims of India. Rahmat Alis Views He said that North Western areas are Muslim majority ares. We will not only keep these majorities but will turn them into a Muslim state. Muslims should get rid of Indianism, it is better for Muslims and Islam. In his writing, NOW OR NEVER (January 1933), he proposed the name of Muslim state, PAKISTAN. P Punjab A Afghania NWFP K Kashmir S Sind TAN BalochistanINDIA cannot be described as a state/country or home of single nation. This state did not exist as one political entity before the advent of the British. The Muslims are a distinct nation who has maintained its identity throughout. They are a separate nation. They have as much right to live as the Hindus. Pakistan should be separated from the rest of India. He further said that the conflict between Muslims and Hindus is not religious, sectarian or economic but an international. The Muslims are striving for survival Hindus are trying for domination over the other nations living in the Sub -Continent particularly the Muslims. He established the Pakistan National Movement in 1940.He began to talk about Bengal and Hyderabad as Muslim areas and separate states. Bang-i-Islam would comprise of Bengal and Assam and Osmanistan of Hyderabad Deccan. He visited Pakistan in 1948 but the atmosphere of the motherland did not suit him and so he returned to Cambridge. He died there on 11 February 1951. His Contribution It is the ever-shining contribution of Rahmat Ali that he coined the name of the Muslim state. He said that being nation, the Indian Muslims deserved a separate homeland. He gave the future lines to the Muslims considering Islamic thoughts universal and true in comparison with the contemporary isms. When the Lahore Resolution was passed, it was instantly described as Pakistan Resolution.It, the division of India, was the solution of Hindu-Muslim question but Rahmat Ali proposed this long before the Lahore Resolution. Lecture 10 The Congress Ministries Policies toward s Muslims The Congress Ministries Policies towards Muslims Topics 1. Elections 2. Provincial Governments 3. Their Policies 4. Muslim Response Government of India Act, 1935 The Government of India Act, 1935 was not fully proclaim but the only provincial part was introduced in the country. Muslim League and the Congress criticized it but agreed to contest provincial elections. The 1937 Elections The elections of 1937 were held with the restricted liberty and separate electorate.The Congress projected itself as an all-India force representing all religions and factions of the society. The Muslim League contested for the Muslim seats. There was a tough contention from the other Muslim organizations. The elections were completed in February 1937. The Congress got majorities in fivesome provinces, Madras, U. P. , C. P. , Bihar, and Orissa. It emerged as the largest party in Bombay and won 704 out of 1585 general seats. The Muslim League performed poorly in the elections and got only ab out 21 share of Muslim seats without winning majority anywhere, Bengal, Punjab, NWFP, and Sind. It was mostly due to the organisational problems and opposition by local Muslim groups. Formation of Provincial GovernmentsIn July 1937, Congress formed governments in 6 provinces. In NWFP, Khudai Khidmatgar and Congress formed a coalition government. In the Muslim majority provinces, the Muslim League could not form the governments. The Muslim League desired to be in government in the U. P. but the Congress consented to a conditional support 1. Dissolve AIML Parliamentary Board 2. AIML members not to function as a separate group 3. AIML members to express allegiance to the Congress Definitely the above-named terms were a device to subvert the existence of the Muslim League. Therefore, no agreement was possible on this issue. Policies of the Congress Governments (July 1937-Nov. 939) First all Congress governments in the provinces launched anti-Muslim drive basically to exclude the ML an d other Muslim organizations from the government making process. The Congress leaders had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses. They started Muslim Mass Contact movement to misemploy the ML in their favour. They were making cultural and educational policies that promoted the Hindu culture and symbols in the name of Indian culture. They introduced Banda-Mataram anthem from Annandmath in the institutions and offices etc. The Hindi language was given top most importance in their policies. Wardha Educational Scheme was to convert Muslims into Hindus through primary educational literature.Projection of Hindu heroes like Gandhi and distortion of Muslim history became their moral creed. They followed the policy of discrimination in services or new recruitment for jobs. The Congress ministries adopted boilers suit negative and cruel attitude, especially towards the Muslim activists. This unjust treatment compelled the Muslims to be disciplined in every sphere of life. Musl im Response The Muslims were well aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu people. They arranged a close monitoring of the government. They publicized their policies and raised the issues. The mobilization of Muslims on these matters required crisp probe to collect the original facts of the Hindu atrocities. The Pirpur ReportOn March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eight-member committee under the presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its work on, November 15, 1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven provinces. The pass over took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim organizations, intimidation and threats to the pro-Muslim League people. The Sharif Report, March 1939 The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to investigate the injustices under the dictatorial rule of the Hindus. This report mainly collected the facts, concentrating on ill treatment of the government with the Muslims in Bihar. Th e Fazl-ul- Haq Report (December 1939) A. K. Fazl-ul-Haq published a pamphlet entitled Muslim Sufferings under(a) the Rule of Congress and made many alarming revelations e. g. orbidding of Azan, attacks in mosques, vociferous processions of the Hindu scoundrels, forbidding of the cow-slaughter etc. This pamphlet responded the indictments by the Congress on the Muslims. All the reports described the Congress government as an attempt to create Hindu Raj that wanted to overwhelm the Muslim culture and their identity. It was a slopped threat to the Muslims interests. Muslim League Activism The Muslim League highlighted the issues and mobilized the Muslims to counter them adequately. It reorganize the Muslim community to cope with the situation. The ML arranged its session at Lucknow in October 1937. Many prominent leaders like Fazlul Haq participated in the session while SikanderHayat and Saadullah announced their support to the ML. The Muslim leaders shed a sharp criticism on the Co ngress policies. They protested against the reduction of status of Urdu and other Muslim related issues. They created realization, amongst the Muslims, of what can happen under the Congress rule and urged for serious thinking about the future political and constitutional arrangements. They unearthed the real objectives of the Congress and urged the need of unity among the Muslims under the banner of Muslim League. The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessing for the Muslims in a sense that the Congress Ministries resigned in November 1939.The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on December 22, 1939. The ML redefined its position during the World War II. They expressed their enthusiasm that no constitution to be enforced without the consent of the Muslims. They eradicated their organizational weaknesses and refined their objectives keeping the experiences of the Congress ministries. Lecture 11 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The experience of Congres s Rule compelled the Muslims to launch the movement for separate homeland. The Hindus made them realize that Hindu government would mean an anti-Muslim ru