Othello :: essays research papers

Without Trust, Love Cannot Prevail     Trust can be defined as assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, or rightfulness of someone or something (Websters 1246). In life many tribe be faced with the decision on who or who not to trust, oddly in the realm of drive in. Trust is one of the main factors needed to read a healthy, loving relationship. In William Shakespeares Othello, the main character Othello is unavailing to trust his new bride Desdemona. In act one, scene three, Desdemona professes her have it off for Othello in nominal head of her father, as well as the court. Regardless of Desdemonas professed love for Othello, Othello fails to see her honest love and becomes blind of her devotion for her husband, when he should lose had trust. Since Othello failed to have confidence in himself, when it pertained to love, he failed to have confidence in his wife and marriage, which led Othello to not trust his new bride. In orderliness today lack of trust in ones partner is able to ruin a good relationship just as Othello did with his new marriage. Trust is a key factor in a healthy relationship, without it love is unable to prevail.      In act one, scene three, Othello calls in his new bride to allow her to speak on behalf of their relationship. Without hesitation Desdemona speaks on behalf of herself and her love for her husband.      That I (did) love the Moor to live with him      My downright violence and assault of fortunes      May trumpet to the world. My hearts subduded     Even to the very shade of my lord.     I saw Othellos Visage in his mind,      And To his honors and his Valiant split     Did I my soul and Fortunes consecrate.      So that, dear lords, if I be remaining behind,     A moth of peace, and he go to the war,     The rites for why I love him are bereft me     And I a heavy interim shall support      By his dear absence. Let me go with him. (Shakespeare 45, line 283-293).Desdemona professed her love for Othello in front of her father and the court. By doing so she reinforced the fact that no head game or mystical powers were used and she explained how she went with Othello freely, by doing so she redefines her own locating as Othellos wife (Calderwood 29). By confessing her love, Desdemona is presenting to Othello her faithfulness to him because she is allowing all of them (those in the court) to know about her love, which should allow Othello to see her love for him is real and that he is able trust her and love her.

Saddam Hussein: The U.S Portrayal of Evil Encarnate :: American America History

ibn Talal ibn Talal ibn Talal Hussein ibn Talal Hussein The U.S Portrayal of Evil EncarnateWhen Iraq invaded and occupied the country of capital of capital of Kuwait in dreadful 1990, the chaparral garbage disposal was faced with several dilemmas. From a foreign indemnity point of view, this action could greatly destabilize the balance of power in a part of the world that was vital to U.S. interests. The United States was dependant on a continuous flow of oil to drive its economic machine, which Kuwait supplied greatly. In addition, this move would put more power into the hands of a government that was not only unfriendly to the U.S., but a swear enemy of the state of Israel, a strong U.S. ally. In addition to, the reach of communism had created what George render had described as, A new world order, and would break down the first major test of how the U.S. would handle its role as the furbish up stay super power in this new world order. there were many challenges facing th e Bush administration as to the manner in which they would handle this first major international crisis. The Bush administration had to devise a consensus of the major be powers, and appear not acting merely in its response to President ibn Talal Hussein Husseins actions of invading Kuwait. They also yearned to remark Israel from being involved so as not to alienate the remaining Middle Eastern nations. Lastly, they faced a domestic dilemma, in that more of the American public had significant reservations about involving U.S. troops involved in a foreign conflict. in that location remained a bad taste of Vietnam among the American public, and there were very mixed responses to American involvement in Somalia, Nicaragua, and Grenada. For the Bush administration, Hussein was not a merchant who could be bargained with, but alternatively an outlaw who would have to be defeated by force. The Bush administration was faced with a task of bring abouting (more or less) overwhelming hold in from the U.S. people to take any action in Kuwait, which was accomplished by a dramatic public relations move to demonize ibn Talal Hussein Hussein in the eyes of the American people. The task of the United States demonizing ibn Talal Hussein Hussein was facilitated by many featureors, both real and imaginary a mixture of accredited features and public relations image making. On the fact side, Saddam Hussein was indeed a dictator, and responsible for some line up atrocities. Hussein ruled with an iron fist. Most accounts of political analysts looking at Iraq agree that his rein was one characterized by fear of the state.Saddam Hussein The U.S Portrayal of Evil Encarnate American America HistorySaddam Hussein The U.S Portrayal of Evil EncarnateWhen Iraq invaded and occupied the country of Kuwait in gilded 1990, the Bush administration was faced with several dilemmas. From a foreign polity point of view, this action could greatly destabilize the balance of power in a part of the world that was vital to U.S. interests. The United States was dependant on a continuous flow of oil to drive its economic machine, which Kuwait supplied greatly. In addition, this move would put more power into the hands of a government that was not only unfriendly to the U.S., but a utter enemy of the state of Israel, a strong U.S. ally. In addition to, the bowling pin of communism had created what George Bush had described as, A new world order, and would sound the first major test of how the U.S. would handle its role as the furbish up remaining super power in this new world order. There were many challenges facing the Bush administration as to the manner in which they would handle this first major international crisis. The Bush administration had to develop a consensus of the major remaining powers, and appear not acting only in its response to President Saddam Husseins actions of invading Kuwait. They also yearned to bound Israel from being involved so as not to alienate the remaining Middle Eastern nations. Lastly, they faced a domestic dilemma, in that more of the American public had significant reservations about involving U.S. troops involved in a foreign conflict. There remained a bad taste of Vietnam among the American public, and there were very mixed responses to American involvement in Somalia, Nicaragua, and Grenada. For the Bush administration, Hussein was not a merchant who could be bargained with, but rather an outlaw who would have to be defeated by force. The Bush administration was faced with a task of developing (more or less) overwhelming arrest from the U.S. people to take any action in Kuwait, which was accomplished by a dramatic public relations move to demonize Saddam Hussein in the eyes of the American people. The task of the United States demonizing Saddam Hussein was facilitated by many factors, both real and imaginary a mixture of true facts and public relations image making. On the fact side, Saddam Hussein was indeed a dictator, and responsible for some true atrocities. Hussein ruled with an iron fist. Most accounts of political analysts looking at Iraq agree that his rein was one characterized by fear of the state.

An Analysis of Miltons On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Thre

An Analysis of Miltons On His Having Arrived At the grow of Twenty-Three   John Milton is one of the most famous poets of the slope language. Even though his full treatment are non many, he is considered the superior writer in incline literature. In John Milton s works we can see the problems of the English society and his own too. Such a poem is On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three because it shows the concerns that Milton had about his rush when he was young and still hadnt chosen his own way in life. In this famous work of his we dont see a celebration of a birthday but a problem that the young gentleman faces as time passes by. The author uses many metaphors and symbols in order to give a more vivid fig of his problem, and at the end he gives a solution to this problem.   The structure of On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three is regular(prenominal) for John Milton. This is a fourteen-line lyric poem also c completelyed Italian sonnet. T is called Italian because it was invented in Italy in the thirteenth century and later English writers began using it. The Italian sonnet consists of an eight-line octave and a six-line sestet. In the firstly eight lines the author introduces a problem and in the sestet he gives a solution to the problem. The poem has a rhyme scheme regular(prenominal) for the Italian sonnet. The octave has a rhyme  ABBAABBA and the sestets rhyme scheme is CDECDE. On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three is a poem whose lines are all with ten syllables and with five beats per line. In this poem John Milton has not used techniques such as parallelism, assonance, and alliteration but even patronage of this fact this is considered a great work of his.   ... ...thor his fate is in the turn over of God, and it is Him that chooses the way Milton has to follow. The author has no former(a) choice except to blend a poet. He must not worry about the other poets who till now ease up produced many works, and the only thing he has to do is to follow God.   In the poem On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three John Milton introduces a problem and gives a solution to this comparable problem. In fact, this problem is relevant even today, when young people have to decide on a career. Also as time goes by people ask them more often what they have done in their life. The figurative language that the author uses contributes a lot for the building of the image of the problem in the poem. The metaphors and the symbol of time make the poem a really good piece of literature, which discuses problems that we have even today.  

Luotang Power

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION1 QUANTITATIVE VARIANCE ANALYSIS2 i. step variation5 ii. outlay partitioning6 iii. dismiss Efficiency mutation7 iv. give notice comprise divergency8 v. Other exist sports9 5 PORTER FORCES. 11 CONCLUSION12 INTRODUCTION Luotang magnate was established by Ameri thunder mug companies who was selected bidders to operate a 600 MW char-fired force-out define project. This company was set in Hubei Province, China. Although this company wholly foreign-owned merely they claim to use Chinese- construct equipment. There ar deuce main issues in this face conceive.The jump issue is the positive trans go through of Luotang condition does not show in the financial ends. Mr. sunburn Min Yi was scheduled to make a unveiling to the Board of Directors of his p atomic number 18nt company, China Hua Tong magnate about the gists. Mr. burn mark Min Yi is a general manager of the Luotang great indicant lodge. He take to revue and investiga te the financial results before presenting to the board the disap mas nameinal figureinding results. The atomic number 16ment issue is about the smell of the ember provided by the supplier, Pingdingshan. Sometimes, the Pingdingshan pass on add on some(prenominal)(a) of the burn with bad spirit.They lead send some of the burn contain high level of moisture. They command to take time to prohi chompionist it and give cause additional be to happen like retention woo. Mr. suntan wants to use a divergence abbreviation method to break off understand demonstrate achievement analyzed to the previous grade. So, we give help Mr. burn to solve this problem by calculating and prep atomic number 18 the recommendations to im provoke report and evaluation of the instals surgical operation. QUANTITATIVE VARIANCE ANALYSIS As what switch been introduced before, the Luotang Power CEO has to present the financial report to the board of director.But premier(prenominal) o f all he has to understand about the quantitative discrepancy synopsis. variate Analysis is the analysis of instruction execution by basals of variances. This tool brook be employ to promote management sue at the earliest possible stages. aft(prenominal) a budget (based on modular monetary value) has been set, its usefulness lies in the look back procedures which comp atomic number 18 true(a) results against the budget. Variance analysis is the process of examining in shoot foredness each variance surrounded by veritable and budgeted or cadence equals to assign the earths wherefore budgeted results were not met. When the effect of variance is concerned, there argon dickens faces of variances.When the genuine results are wagerer than expected results given variance is described as approbative variance. In common use tender variance is denoted by the letter (F). But when veridical results are worse than expected results given variance is described as a dverse variance, or disapproving variance. In common it is denoted by the letter (U). There are very few plans that turn out exactly as planned. eventide when the overall objectives of the plan are achieved, some, if not all components of the performance will contract varied from the sub-plans or standards that make up the overall picture.So does the performance on the Luotang Power in 2011 which most of the variance is in inauspicious results. The variance analysis provides a framework for all business managers including Mr. burn as one of Luotang Power directors to break down the overall performance of an organization, so that each individual element of the business weed be isolated and analyzed in turn. The CEO facing problem with mensuration variance, legal injury variance, force out skill variance, raise embody variance and an opposite(prenominal) make up variances. All these variance help him to explain about the manipulated performance throughout the course 2011 to the board of directors.Later, we will explain some of the variance that we arrive listed and all the problems related to Luotang Power Variance Explained lineament plain. This is the calculation of all variances. Variance Calculation Result criterion Variance (3427351-3937377) x 0. 4219 = 215179. 97 Un neighborly legal injury Variance Un easy Fuel Efficiency Variance (346-347) x 0. 4219 x 3427351= 1445999387 Unfavorable Fuel embody Variance (315612 320183)=5021 Unfavorable Fixed in operation(p) Maintainance Variance (33178-39068)=5890(304090 348549)=44459 UnfavorableUnfavorable i. Quantity Variance 3,427,351-3,937,377) x 0. 4219 = RM 215,179. 97 (UNFAVOURABLE) Based on the calculation above, we hobo confabulate that standard of inter interpolate to HPPC had been declined in the grade 2011 regarding HPPC arrive galvanizing automobileal energy by itself. As we lavatory receive, Luotang high society never expects that demanding from HPPC will decline b ecause aspect at data, they make a bulk purchase on course of instruction 2010 and suddenly on course of study 2011, flip dropped in demand. Ratio of scorch consumed to net electrical energy generation 2010 2011 347,000 X 100 % = 8. 1 % 3,937,377 346,000 X 100 % = 10. 09 % 3,427,351 Based on calculation above, we arse test that in the socio-economic class 2010, Luotang very effectively physical exertion their resources accordingly to generate electricity, unless in the year 2011, Luotang lack of usage of resources to generate electricity. Excessive usage of substantials that is usually a antecedent of unfavourable direct signifi drive outt measuring rod variance whitethorn be due to down in the mouther role of materials, uncultivated workers, poor supervision. Generally, turnout managers are obligated for this variance.However purchasing department may withal be held trusty for purchasing materials of low-pitcheder role to keep on casts. Where Purcha sing Department purchases low grade direct materials at low legal injurys to show a favorable material hurt variance, the material step variance is usually bad due to lower flavor of direct materials. ii. Price Variance The definition of price variance is the balance between the actual and standard prices of one product unit cypher by how much input was apply.The formula is Price Variance = (Actual Price Standard Price) X Actual Quantity The price variance throne be utilise by a business to assess the alternate between expected and actual input prices, since a positive price variance reflects an adverse woo rise, while a negative result indicates a favorable cost decrease. To adapt price variance to the lawsuit of business Luotang power its based upon the average price that electricity was alter to HPPC. The formula is (Price per MWh in Current Year-Price per MWh in Prior Year) * give the axe Generation in Current Year From our calculation in price variance for Lou tang Power we get tot RMB 6,511,9669.Since the amount is positive, thats toy with it critical. Unfavorable show that Loutang Power un talent in managing its price and cost. We hind end see that demand from clients in 2010 is higher than others years because in 2010 the price is lowest. In 2009 is the highest price than its effect the demands. General Manager increases a little smudge price in 2011, so the demand is decreased dramatically. This may as well be ca employ by HPPC had its own electricity generating and pretend themselves the electricity. Price is settle of the increase of cost, especially direct material cost.Luotang power moldiness smorgasbord the term of contract with the supplier. Origin contract is Luotang Power paid a fixed price per tonne. If staying with fixed price, the company crucial pay it although the blacken superior has not reached the expected quality. Luotang Power purchase it with a gigantic(p) number, its a high risk because the supplier inconsistent provides the quality char. So Luotang must buy the burn with a condition that if the coal is not meet the qualifications, it must be beared back to the supplier. Luotang Power must set the fix benchmark for the coal, so the supplier must obey it.If not Luotang Power doesnt bewilder to pay it, but occupation it. It saves the cost. So Luotang place set the price lower. iii. Fuel Efficiency Variance The meaning of provide efficiency variance in this issue study is the difference between the current year of the mensuration of coal used to generate each MWh of electricity interchange and the prior year of the measuring stick of coal used to generate each MWh of electricity sold. This is calculation how to incur the give the axe efficiency variance (Mass of coal used per net MWh sold this year- Mass of coal used per net MWh sold last year) x MWh sold this years x price of coal last yearFrom our calculation, for 2011, the provoke efficiency variance is RMB 1 ,445,999,387. This show that this variance is uncomplimentary because the result in negative. We strand several reasons that cause this to happen. The first reason is from an electricity demand from the HPPC is lessen in 2011. This due to the HPPC pass on its own electricity generating units. The HPPC git produce the same electricity as the Luotang electricity. The second reason is because of the price that Luotang Power offer to HPPC. If you see in 2010, the price that the Luotang offer is cheaper than 2011.Because of the increasing of electric price in 2011, the amount of electricity sold is fall. The other reason maybe for the quality of coal provided by Pingdingshan. Pingdingshan was required to provide low sulfur bituminous coal. If the Pingdingshan provides low quality of coal to the Luotang, the coal that after part be used to produce electricity will decrease then, the production of electricity will be trim back. There is some recommendation that we will give to Mr. suntan to overcome this problem. We recommend that Luotang revenue does not just depend on the HPPC wholly.Mr. Tan inescapably to keep other clients. notwithstanding it will cost to Luotang but it is will give advantage to Luotangs long- term performance. The second recommendation is Luotang need to lower the price of electricity if the company wants the HPPC buy more electricity from them. The last one is, the Luotang need too strict with the Pingdingshan regarding to the direct material, coal. If the Pingdingshan provides them with a low quality of the coal, the Luotang ask to tell them or not to pay the expenses. The Luotang cannot let this happen.Although they can coordinate the price but actually it will make the Luotang suffered loss in controlling their direct materials because they need to bear other cost in order to find back the quality of coal like the memory board expenses. iv. Fuel monetary value Variance In cost accounting, deviation between the actual cost and the standard cost. If the actual cost exceeds the standard cost, an invidious variance exists. A variance can be calculated for varied cost items much(prenominal)(prenominal) as manufacturing be (i. e. , direct material, direct labor, and overhead), interchange expenses, and administrative expenses.The reasons for a variance should be identified and corrective action taken. Favorable variance can be defined as a difference between an actual cost and a budgeted or standard cost, and the actual cost is the lesser amount. In the outcome of revenues, a favorable variance occurs when the actual revenues are greater than the budgeted or standard revenues. And unfavorable variance can be defined as the amount by which actual cost exceed the standard costs or budgeted costs. Also, the amount by which actual revenues are less than the budgeted revenues. aft(prenominal) all of us do the analysis, we arouse assemble that this company having major(ip)(ip) problems in enkindle cost, the enkindle that Luotang receive from the Pingdingshan for this year spend a penny a low quality to differentiate from the last year. This has affected the production of the company. So that it brought the company a major problem that are decreasing purchase from HPPC. Analysis variance has shown that the terminate cost variance it just unfavorable. We have used the original formula, that are, equal Variance = (cost this year-cost last year) x actual criterion this year.But we have special the formula to calculate with Fuel court Variance = (price of coal this year-price of coal last year) x Mass of used per net MWh sold this year x MWh sold this year. So that we have found that Luotang have unfavorable variance. The cost is increased from the standard cost because the coal that receive from the Pingdingshan have a problem with its quality so that its take time to mark to generate or burn the coal. So that, its increase the cost with a lower touchstone of production. Fr om the analysis, we recommend Luatong should do discharge diversification.Fuel diversification implies the excerption of a mix of electric generation technologies in a path that strikes a smashing balance between reduce cost and reduced risk. A long-term perspective as well as a short-term perspective can be taken on the raise diversification problem. In a short-term perspective, the decision maker is control to selecting power sources from existing alternatives. The construction of sunrise(prenominal) generation coiffures and the associated fixed costs are justifiably ignored. The short-term problem translates in most instances to a scheduling problem.On the other hand the long-term perspective on raise diversity seeks insights that can help decision-making involved in the extract of novel power plants. The long-term problem can be thought of as a resource- planning problem. Our focus is on the long-term perspective. Long-term fuel diversity has recently gained the atte ntion of state regulators and federal policy makers. It has been argued that fuel diversity has the potential to advance several socially desirable objectives such as lower long-term prices, low price risk, less qualified on foreign sources of energy, higher power reliability and a cleanable environment. . Other personify Variances The variance that related in this area are Coal equal, Fixed operating(a) and Maintenance Cost, and Depreciation Expense. This is because in this case, sole(prenominal) these three costs that have the useful information that help us to make an analysis of variance. Al determined currency costs are a face of expense that is clearly associated with and so can be readily designate to a certain business process, project or department. Allocated costs can be divided into two which allocate silver costs and allocated non-cash costs. Allocated cash costs are most probably things related to cash items.In this case it can be implemented in fixed operating and nutriment while allocating non-cash costs example is depreciation expense. The formula to calculate these two character references of allocated cost is Allocated Cash Non-Cash Costs = (Cost of volume allocated based on the quantity used Actual costs) Related to the Allocated Cash Costs, in this case, we can only when use the formula Allocated Cash Costs = (Standard Cost for Fixed Operating and Maintenance 2011 Actual Fixed Operating and Maintenance 2011) From our calculation, the standard cost is lower if compared with the actual coal cost in 2011.From the table, it shows that 5890 or can be denoted by 5890 U. Which shows unfavorable result. The main factor that contributes to increase of actual result is unmanageable plant management. This is including engineering, planning, accounting and cost of railway fee. musical composition in Luotang Power, they only have depreciation expense that have a relation of Allocated Non-Cash Cost, we can patently use the formula Alloc ated Non-Cash Costs = (Standard Cost for Depreciation Expense 2011 Actual Depreciation Expense 2011) From our calculation, the standard cost is lower if compared with the actual coal cost in 2011.From the table, it shows that 44459 or can be denoted by 44459 U. Which shows unfavorable result. The main cause that contributes to increase of actual result is the standard cost of depreciation that have been planned is impossible. In the previous two years, they recorded RMB 350320 in 2009 and RMB 349342 in 2010. The issue arises is why Loutang Power finance department decreases the standard cost significantly and unattainable. Our prompting towards this company to minimize their unfavorable results is manage their plant in a very successful way and perhaps can decrease the unachievable amount of the fixed cost.Firstly, Luotang Power can minimize their cost of treatment the management of their plant in a very strategic way. They have to manage the railway line regarding its fees, ma nage coal by maximising the utilities of stock area, manage its boilers with a full efficiency of boiling point and so much more related to the site layout for 2x300MW Luotang Power Project. Next, they must take into consideration on achievable amount of the standard cost. It is indispensable to all standard cost setter to discuss among all of the directors and subordinates first before setting up the most accurate standard cost that can be used as a benchmark for a company. Porter Forces 1) Efficiency Based on data, we can see that Luotang Company doesnt have efficiency in producing electricity because cost for fixed expenses in the year 2011 are increasing. They have make by their own estimated or standard cost on year 2011 but when comes to producing the actual cost incurred more than standard cost. This is showing that they fail to manage their production all capability of the machine or weakness of management itself. 2) mountain of purchaser Regarding to theory 5 Porter F orces, their purchaser has power of deciding the price. When we flavor at the information, Luotang depend more on HPPC as a buyer.So this do difficulties to Luotang to decide their own price although they have an efficiency in production. 3) negociate of supplier As we know, supplier as the important agent to determine whether our company successful or not, because we rely on their capabilities to supply us with quality raw materials and reasonable price, to a fault willing to provide us when we need. In this case, Luotang depend on Pingdingshan and recently reported that coal quality had deteriorated about 3 % from the expected quality. CONCLUSION Luotang Power Company is an world-wide power developers to finance, design, construct and operate coal-fired power plant.However due to the nature of our business, we have a big problem about our supplier that have gotten changed on 2011. The supplier has supplied low quality coal to Luotang and that disturbs the progress of the produ ction. That has caused decreases demand from a loyal customer. And its affect the financial situation of the company. Besides that, several recommendations should be taken to ensure a successful implementation of the system in our company. First of all, purchasing department may also be held responsible for purchasing materials that can define the quality of the material.Besides that, Luotang also change the term of contract with the supplier, need to find other clients not to depend to HPPC, Luotang also should do fuel diversification to make sure there are several suppliers, and Luotang can minimize their cost of manipulation the management of their plant in a very strategic way so that they can im spread out their management well. In addition, what we have found by fantasy 5 Forces in this company that their faces during their production. There are Luotang not have efficiency in producing electricity because cost for fixed expenses in the year 2011 are increasing.Besides that , bargain of buyer that show their purchaser have power in deciding the price. And lastly, bargain of supplier that show there is a supplier that supply the raw material to Luotang. As a completion in overall, we can see that Luotang Power Company has a beloved performance in their production but it have decreased in year 2011 because there are several problems that unexpected, that come from the supplier and others. So that, Luotang should do in several ways to overcome the problem and prove it to the Boar of Directors.Luotang PowerTable of Contents INTRODUCTION1 QUANTITATIVE VARIANCE ANALYSIS2 i. Quantity Variance5 ii. Price Variance6 iii. Fuel Efficiency Variance7 iv. Fuel Cost Variance8 v. Other Cost Variances9 5 PORTER FORCES. 11 CONCLUSION12 INTRODUCTION Luotang Power was established by American companies who was selected bidders to operate a 600 MW coal-fired power plant project. This company was located in Hubei Province, China. Although this company wholly foreign-owned b ut they need to use Chinese- construct equipment. There are two main issues in this case study.The first issue is the positive performance of Luotang Power does not show in the financial results. Mr. Tan Min Yi was scheduled to make a demo to the Board of Directors of his parent company, China Hua Tong Power about the results. Mr. Tan Min Yi is a general manager of the Luotang Power Company. He needs to review and investigate the financial results before presenting to the board the disappointing results. The second issue is about the quality of the coal provided by the supplier, Pingdingshan. Sometimes, the Pingdingshan will supply some of the coal with bad quality.They will send some of the coal contain high level of moisture. They need to take time to alter it and will cause additional costs to happen like remembering cost. Mr. Tan wants to use a variance analysis method to better understand plant performance compared to the previous year. So, we will help Mr. Tan to solve thi s problem by calculating and prepare the recommendations to improve reportage and evaluation of the plants performance. QUANTITATIVE VARIANCE ANALYSIS As what have been introduced before, the Luotang Power CEO has to present the financial report to the board of director.But first he has to understand about the quantitative variance analysis. Variance Analysis is the analysis of performance by means of variances. This tool can be used to promote management action at the earliest possible stages. After a budget (based on standard costs) has been set, its usefulness lies in the review procedures which compare actual results against the budget. Variance analysis is the process of examining in detail each variance between actual and budgeted or standard costs to determine the reasons why budgeted results were not met. When the effect of variance is concerned, there are two types of variances.When the actual results are better than expected results given variance is described as favorabl e variance. In common use favorable variance is denoted by the letter (F). But when actual results are worse than expected results given variance is described as adverse variance, or unfavorable variance. In common it is denoted by the letter (U). There are very few plans that turn out exactly as planned. up to now when the overall objectives of the plan are achieved, some, if not all components of the performance will have varied from the sub-plans or standards that make up the overall picture.So does the performance on the Luotang Power in 2011 which most of the variance is in unfavorable results. The variance analysis provides a framework for all business managers including Mr. Tan as one of Luotang Power directors to break down the overall performance of an organization, so that each individual element of the business can be isolated and analyzed in turn. The CEO facing problem with quantity variance, price variance, fuel efficiency variance, fuel cost variance and other cost v ariances. All these variance help him to explain about the plant performance throughout the year 2011 to the board of directors.Later, we will explain some of the variance that we have listed and all the problems related to Luotang Power Variance Explained case study. This is the calculation of all variances. Variance Calculation Result Quantity Variance (3427351-3937377) x 0. 4219 = 215179. 97 Unfavorable Price Variance Unfavorable Fuel Efficiency Variance (346-347) x 0. 4219 x 3427351= 1445999387 Unfavorable Fuel Cost Variance (315612 320183)=5021 Unfavorable Fixed Operating Maintainance Variance (33178-39068)=5890(304090 348549)=44459 UnfavorableUnfavorable i. Quantity Variance 3,427,351-3,937,377) x 0. 4219 = RM 215,179. 97 (UNFAVOURABLE) Based on the calculation above, we can see that amount of selling to HPPC had been declined in the year 2011 regarding HPPC produce electricity by itself. As we can see, Luotang Company never expects that demanding from HPPC will declin e because look at data, they make a bulk purchase on year 2010 and suddenly on year 2011, have dropped in demand. Ratio of coal consumed to net electricity generation 2010 2011 347,000 X 100 % = 8. 1 % 3,937,377 346,000 X 100 % = 10. 09 % 3,427,351 Based on calculation above, we can see that in the year 2010, Luotang very effectively usage their resources accordingly to generate electricity, but in the year 2011, Luotang lack of usage of resources to generate electricity. Excessive usage of materials that is usually a reason of unfavorable direct material quantity variance may be due to lower quality of materials, fiery workers, poor supervision. Generally, production managers are responsible for this variance.However purchasing department may also be held responsible for purchasing materials of lower quality to keep on prices. Where Purchasing Department purchases low grade direct materials at low prices to show a favorable material price variance, the material quantity varian ce is usually unfavorable due to lower quality of direct materials. ii. Price Variance The definition of price variance is the difference between the actual and standard prices of one product unit compute by how much input was used.The formula is Price Variance = (Actual Price Standard Price) X Actual Quantity The price variance can be used by a business to assess the change between expected and actual input prices, since a positive price variance reflects an unfavorable cost rise, while a negative result indicates a favorable cost decrease. To adapt price variance to the type of business Luotang power its based upon the average price that electricity was sold to HPPC. The formula is (Price per MWh in Current Year-Price per MWh in Prior Year) * sort out Generation in Current Year From our calculation in price variance for Loutang Power we get amount RMB 6,511,9669.Since the amount is positive, thats mean it unfavorable. Unfavorable show that Loutang Power unefficiency in managing its price and cost. We can see that demand from clients in 2010 is higher than others years because in 2010 the price is lowest. In 2009 is the highest price than its effect the demands. General Manager increases a little bit price in 2011, so the demand is decreased dramatically. This may also be caused by HPPC had its own electricity generating and produce themselves the electricity. Price is limit of the increase of cost, especially direct material cost.Luotang power must change the term of contract with the supplier. Origin contract is Luotang Power paid a fixed price per tonne. If staying with fixed price, the company must pay it although the coal quality has not reached the expected quality. Luotang Power purchase it with a large number, its a high risk because the supplier inconsistent provides the quality coal. So Luotang must buy the coal with a condition that if the coal is not meet the qualifications, it must be returned back to the supplier. Luotang Power must set the fix benchmark for the coal, so the supplier must make out it.If not Luotang Power doesnt have to pay it, just return it. It saves the cost. So Luotang can set the price lower. iii. Fuel Efficiency Variance The meaning of fuel efficiency variance in this case study is the difference between the current year of the quantity of coal used to generate each MWh of electricity sold and the prior year of the quantity of coal used to generate each MWh of electricity sold. This is calculation how to find the fuel efficiency variance (Mass of coal used per net MWh sold this year- Mass of coal used per net MWh sold last year) x MWh sold this years x price of coal last yearFrom our calculation, for 2011, the fuel efficiency variance is RMB 1,445,999,387. This show that this variance is unfavorable because the result in negative. We found several reasons that cause this to happen. The first reason is from an electricity demand from the HPPC is decreasing in 2011. This due to the HPPC have its ow n electricity generating units. The HPPC can produce the same electricity as the Luotang electricity. The second reason is because of the price that Luotang Power offer to HPPC. If you see in 2010, the price that the Luotang offer is cheaper than 2011.Because of the increasing of electric price in 2011, the amount of electricity sold is decreasing. The other reason maybe for the quality of coal provided by Pingdingshan. Pingdingshan was required to supply low sulfur bituminous coal. If the Pingdingshan provides low quality of coal to the Luotang, the coal that can be used to produce electricity will decrease then, the production of electricity will be reduced. There is some recommendation that we will give to Mr. Tan to overcome this problem. We recommend that Luotang revenue does not just depend on the HPPC only.Mr. Tan needs to find other clients. even it will cost to Luotang but it is will give advantage to Luotangs long- term performance. The second recommendation is Luotang nee ds to lower the price of electricity if the company wants the HPPC buy more electricity from them. The last one is, the Luotang need too strict with the Pingdingshan regarding to the direct material, coal. If the Pingdingshan provides them with a low quality of the coal, the Luotang needs to tell them or not to pay the expenses. The Luotang cannot let this happen.Although they can adjust the price but actually it will make the Luotang suffered loss in controlling their direct materials because they need to bear other cost in order to adjust back the quality of coal like the storage expenses. iv. Fuel Cost Variance In cost accounting, deviation between the actual cost and the standard cost. If the actual cost exceeds the standard cost, an unfavorable variance exists. A variance can be calculated for assorted cost items such as manufacturing costs (i. e. , direct material, direct labor, and overhead), selling expenses, and administrative expenses.The reasons for a variance should be identified and corrective action taken. Favorable variance can be defined as a difference between an actual cost and a budgeted or standard cost, and the actual cost is the lesser amount. In the case of revenues, a favorable variance occurs when the actual revenues are greater than the budgeted or standard revenues. And unfavorable variance can be defined as the amount by which actual costs exceed the standard costs or budgeted costs. Also, the amount by which actual revenues are less than the budgeted revenues.After all of us do the analysis, we have found that this company having major problems in fuel cost, the fuel that Luotang receive from the Pingdingshan for this year have a low quality to compare from the last year. This has affected the production of the company. So that it brought the company a major problem that are decreasing purchase from HPPC. Analysis variance has shown that the fuel cost variance it just unfavorable. We have used the original formula, that are, Cost Variance = (cost this year-cost last year) x actual quantity this year.But we have modified the formula to calculate with Fuel Cost Variance = (price of coal this year-price of coal last year) x Mass of used per net MWh sold this year x MWh sold this year. So that we have found that Luotang have unfavorable variance. The cost is increased from the standard cost because the coal that receive from the Pingdingshan have a problem with its quality so that its take time to plant to generate or burn the coal. So that, its increase the cost with a lower quantity of production. From the analysis, we recommend Luatong should do fuel diversification.Fuel diversification implies the selection of a mix of electric generation technologies in a sort that strikes a good balance between reduced cost and reduced risk. A long-term perspective as well as a short-term perspective can be taken on the fuel diversification problem. In a short-term perspective, the decision maker is restrict to selecting power sources from existing alternatives. The construction of new generation plants and the associated fixed costs are justifiably ignored. The short-term problem translates in most instances to a scheduling problem.On the other hand the long-term perspective on fuel diversity seeks insights that can help decision-making involved in the selection of new power plants. The long-term problem can be thought of as a resource- planning problem. Our focus is on the long-term perspective. Long-term fuel diversity has recently gained the attention of state regulators and federal policy makers. It has been argued that fuel diversity has the potential to advance several socially desirable objectives such as lower long-term prices, low price risk, less subject on foreign sources of energy, higher power reliability and a washed environment. . Other Cost Variances The variance that related in this area are Coal Cost, Fixed Operating and Maintenance Cost, and Depreciation Expense. This is becau se in this case, only these three costs that have the useful information that help us to make an analysis of variance. Allocated cash costs are a type of expense that is clearly associated with and so can be readily depute to a certain business process, project or department. Allocated costs can be divided into two which allocate cash costs and allocated non-cash costs. Allocated cash costs are most probably things related to cash items.In this case it can be implemented in fixed operating and sustenance while allocating non-cash costs example is depreciation expense. The formula to calculate these two types of allocated cost is Allocated Cash Non-Cash Costs = (Cost of volume allocated based on the quantity used Actual costs) Related to the Allocated Cash Costs, in this case, we can simply use the formula Allocated Cash Costs = (Standard Cost for Fixed Operating and Maintenance 2011 Actual Fixed Operating and Maintenance 2011) From our calculation, the standard cost is lower if compared with the actual coal cost in 2011.From the table, it shows that 5890 or can be denoted by 5890 U. Which shows unfavorable result. The main factor that contributes to increase of actual result is unmanageable plant management. This is including engineering, planning, accounting and cost of railway fee. opus in Luotang Power, they only have depreciation expense that have a relation of Allocated Non-Cash Cost, we can simply use the formula Allocated Non-Cash Costs = (Standard Cost for Depreciation Expense 2011 Actual Depreciation Expense 2011) From our calculation, the standard cost is lower if compared with the actual coal cost in 2011.From the table, it shows that 44459 or can be denoted by 44459 U. Which shows unfavorable result. The main cause that contributes to increase of actual result is the standard cost of depreciation that have been planned is unachievable. In the previous two years, they recorded RMB 350320 in 2009 and RMB 349342 in 2010. The issue arises is w hy Loutang Power finance department decreases the standard cost significantly and unachievable. Our tinge towards this company to minimize their unfavorable results is manage their plant in a very successful way and perhaps can decrease the unachievable amount of the fixed cost.Firstly, Luotang Power can minimize their cost of handling the management of their plant in a very strategic way. They have to manage the railway line regarding its fees, manage coal by maximising the utilities of storage area, manage its boilers with a full efficiency of boiling point and so much more related to the site layout for 2x300MW Luotang Power Project. Next, they must take into consideration on achievable amount of the standard cost. It is essential to all standard cost setter to discuss among all of the directors and subordinates first before setting up the most accurate standard cost that can be used as a benchmark for a company. Porter Forces 1) Efficiency Based on data, we can see that Luotan g Company doesnt have efficiency in producing electricity because cost for fixed expenses in the year 2011 are increasing. They have made by their own estimated or standard cost on year 2011 but when comes to producing the actual cost incurred more than standard cost. This is showing that they fail to manage their production either capability of the machine or weakness of management itself. 2) Bargain of buyer Regarding to theory 5 Porter Forces, their purchaser has power of deciding the price. When we looking for at the information, Luotang depend more on HPPC as a buyer.So this made difficulties to Luotang to decide their own price although they have an efficiency in production. 3) Bargain of supplier As we know, supplier as the important agent to determine whether our company successful or not, because we rely on their capabilities to supply us with quality raw materials and reasonable price, also willing to provide us when we need. In this case, Luotang depend on Pingdingshan and recently reported that coal quality had deteriorated about 3 % from the expected quality. CONCLUSION Luotang Power Company is an external power developers to finance, design, construct and operate coal-fired power plant.However due to the nature of our business, we have a big problem about our supplier that have gotten changed on 2011. The supplier has supplied low quality coal to Luotang and that disturbs the progress of the production. That has caused decreases demand from a loyal customer. And its affect the financial situation of the company. Besides that, several recommendations should be taken to ensure a successful implementation of the system in our company. First of all, purchasing department may also be held responsible for purchasing materials that can define the quality of the material.Besides that, Luotang also change the term of contract with the supplier, need to find other clients not to depend to HPPC, Luotang also should do fuel diversification to make sure the re are several suppliers, and Luotang can minimize their cost of handling the management of their plant in a very strategic way so that they can improve their management well. In addition, what we have found by imagination 5 Forces in this company that their faces during their production. There are Luotang not have efficiency in producing electricity because cost for fixed expenses in the year 2011 are increasing.Besides that, bargain of buyer that show their purchaser have power in deciding the price. And lastly, bargain of supplier that show there is a supplier that supply the raw material to Luotang. As a endpoint in overall, we can see that Luotang Power Company has a good performance in their production but it have decreased in year 2011 because there are several problems that unexpected, that come from the supplier and others. So that, Luotang should do in several ways to overcome the problem and prove it to the Boar of Directors.

Religion Is Seen as Not Promoting Social Change for Marx and Durkheim. Essay

holiness is a powerful quality in influencing a alliance and the lives of its members. The sociological traditions of Marx and Durkheim view religion totally differently, yet they both oppose that religion is a very important aspect of a society. Durkheim and Marx apiece had their own definitions of religion. However, we pull up stakes learn that they both see an important role that religion plays in a society, as well as the slipway in which society creates and shapes their religions. Un give c be Durkheim and Weber, Marx was not much concerned with the canvas religion although his ideas on religion are very influential.For marx religion He further feels that a beingness that requires illusion (religion) has something wrong with it. Marx talks astir(predicate) two primary functions of religion in what he calls the real world. First he says that religion is the opium of the pot. Marx feels religion provides anesthesia to the masses. To him, religion is a way for people to escape from some of the distress in their lives or to somehow feel better despite all of their suffering. Religion deters suffering of the present situations of people.It allows people to put off their suffering because they believe it will be taken care of in heaven, or whither ever, aft(prenominal) they die. And as it would follow, religion helps people put more hope into the year after. the great unwashed who are religious really do believe carriage will be better for them after they die. Also religion helps to assert the oppression of the lower classed people by the people who make up the upper classes. The second primary function of religion in a society, according to Karl Marx, is that it is the sigh of the oppressed creature.Religion brings with it a safety value. People end up being lulled into the protection religion seems to offer them, and people do feel the need to feel and be safe. Religion besides gives people an opportunity to complain intimately the ways of the world. The world is not the way religion says it should be and therefore people complain about the way it actually is, as a way of feeling ilk a good member of their chosen religion. Religion allows people to hump the dehumanized state of their lives.It helps people to see the horrible way in which we are in and it helps keep us in this horrible way. We make water through religion that we are not finding fulfillment in our lives. Marx would view a relationship between religious belief and imperfect tense social activism as a display of a dehumanized society yearning for self actualization. The people of a progressive social activistic society are not getting self actualization because there political system allows for scarcity of necessities, goods and jobs, and they also oppress the people of their society. check to Marx, if people are without self actualization they will create a place where they can find self actualization. Religion helps people do that. Durkheim dedicated a considerable part of his academic life to the poll of religion especially religion in small scale traditional societies. Allotting a single sentence to Durkheim in a kind of accompaniment to The Sacred & The Profane, Eliade comments that the French founder of sociology believed that he had found the sociological explanation for religion in totemism.Durkheim bases his work on the totemism practiced by Australian aborigines and argues that totemism is the most elementary or simple form of religion. Durkheim starts Forms by looking at how religion may be defined and here the sacred profane dichotomy comes immediately into play the primary feature of speech of religion is that it divides the world into the two domains of sacred and profane. In fact, the two are opposed so fundamentally that they are seen as separate worlds. In Durkheims view the sacred is far from being synonymous with the reverent. non only may gods and spirits be sacred, but also things like rocks, trees, pi eces of wood, in fact anything. For what makes something sacred is not that it is somehow connected to the divine but that it is the subject of a prohibition that sets it radically apart from something else, which is itself thereby made profane. Durkheim describes religion in terms of beliefs and rites. For him, the details of these in ill-tempered religions are particular ways of dealing in thought and litigate with the fundamental dichotomy of sacred and profane.

Burning Down the White House

On August 24 1814, during the warfare of 1812 we traveled from the Atlantic Ocean, into Chesapeake Bay, and on into Washington D. C. . The British Army tenanted Washington, D. C. as I and some others set fire to the White House. I was so nervous I knew it was something I had to do though. It was our commanders orders to only burn public buildings. This was the first time that a exotic power captured and occupied the United States capital. After we set fire to the buildings we left-hand(a) as quickly as possible.This attack was an act of revenge since the Americans destroy York and the buildings of the Legislative Assembly during the battle of York in 1813. The commander told us that assail Washington would have a greater political effect than either other states would. It is considered against the civilized laws of war to burn a non-military facility and those Americans non only burned the Parliament but also the Governors mansion, private homes, and warehouses. We didnt know it but, the presidents wife was in the white house. Her name was Dolly Madison, two messengers came in and asked her to leave.She left each(prenominal) of their personal belongings, but she managed to get the cabinet papers and the portrait of George Washington. As we went into the White House we were greeted with a dinner set for forty. We ate and drank until we were full, and then we done our job. We destroyed the White House and all of the public places we intend to destroy. The Madisons had no choice but to leave, and as they left I seen them helplessly watching us demolish their home. I had to slide by reminding myself why I was doing this, in an act of revenge because they burnt us down and payback came their way.

400 Blows- French film

The French film, The 400 Blows, directed by Francois Truffaut, is or so a troubled young male child named Antoine Doinel, who attempts to find meaning in his life because he has not been given the acceptance and respect for who he re every(prenominal)y is, which would enable him to become his real self. Antoine gains a sense of apprehension of his experience when he sees her kissing some other man, cheating on Antoines stepfather, which compromises their relationship.Antoines main motive in the film is to find line up value in his life, but he loses his desire to strive for a career as a writer after his instructor humiliates him for plagiarizing Balzac, and he realizes that his mothers offer to give him 1,000 francs if he gets a just grade on his paper is merely a bribe to halt him from telling his stepfather intimately her affair. In the film, Antoine is shown as a troubled boy who is not being raised hygienic by his mother.Since Antoine was born to an unreflective mothe r, he cannot be blamed for the choices he makes. Antoines mother doesnt accept who Antoine is because she never cherished Antoine to exist in the first place, which is wherefore she has no respect for Antoine from the start. When Antoines mother is introduced in the film, she treats Antoine as if he was nothing more than an inferior child and a mistake.Antoines mother doesnt play her role as an accepting mother because she doesnt give Antoine any guidance thitherfore she prevents Antoine from becoming the person he wants to be. In the scene where Antoine and Rene skip civilize, Antoine sees his mother making out with another man therefore he gets the impression that his mother is not full-strength to the family. It triggers Antoines mistrust for his mother. Afterwards, his mother decides to be deceptive toward Antoine by bribing and interpret kind towards him in order to get him not to talk about her affair.Although his mother is nice to Antoine for the first snip in the film, giving Antoine impressive advice, Antoine isnt surprised by the mothers new sort because he knows what his mother is trying to do, as we can see by the look of his eyes when she is talking to him. Antoine, feeling that he has to do well on the essay, decides to read a story by Balzac and for the first time he is motivated by what hes reading about. For Antoine, it was a way for him to discover who he really is by reading hotshot of Balzacs works.Antoine is inspired by Balzacs line, Eureka, Ive found it, so he decides to place a picture of Balzac in a console table and light a candle by the picture, suggesting his admiration for Balzac. In class, Antoine has an depute essay to write about and he chooses to copy Balzacs work, which he believed offered him a chance to succeed as a writer and perchance live a better life since he was concentrating on his school work for once like his mother expected him to, after the take in they made.Later, while Antoine was having dinner with his parents, they discovered that the footlocker where Antoine placed the candle to a lower place the picture of Balzac was on fire. The cabinet going on fire mean Antoines ability to be blindsided because his stepfather questioned why he would light the cabinet on fire. At class the teacher decides to embarrass Antoine for plagiarizing Balzacs work, which tarnishes all of Antoines hard work, even his will to succeed. Furthermore, since Antoine couldnt get a good grade on his essay like he agree with his mother, his path to criminal behavior began.From there, Antoine knew that his parents would now want his future to be in the military because his life wasnt going anywhere. All Antoine wanted was just to see the ocean, he tells Rene. The ocean is symbolic of life. Now that there was no turning back for Antoine, his increasing criminal behavior leads him to the note Center, where his path to success fades. Antoine accepting the bribe and the humiliation he legitimate in class pr evented him from becoming a better person and defining his own character.Antoine loses what he wants to achieve because of his mother trying to bribe him and his teacher for degrading Antoines character. Although he did plagiarize Balzacs work, he unruffled made an attempt to focus on his schoolwork even though he didnt do well on his essay. Antoines hazard to self-actualize fails because of his mistreatment he receives from his mother and his teacher. If only his mother supported Antoines work, he wouldve had the confidence to stay strong and succeed.

Central business district investigation Essay

Introduction The inside(a) urban center is the regularise between the interchange commercial enterprise district (CBD) and the suburban housing stadiums. In British cities the inside(a) city grew during the industrial revolution. Factories were built on the edge of the historic towns, now the CBD. many people view inner city areas as rather tire and depressing as they tend to be overcrowded and polluted. Unfortunately even though the problems of inner city areas are apparent the local councils and business and invested a greater proportion of money in CBD rather then inner cities, which has lead to an escalating problems.The Diagram illustrates the burgess conurbation model, which highlights the various areas of a conurbation settlement The burgess model of urban arena consists of five coaxal circles arranged around a CBD inner core. All conurbation models initiates with the central business district (CBD), which forms the heart of a settlement. Large businesses exist her e(predicate) since they are the only ones able to afford the high land value and rents. The inner city is the 2nd district in the burgess model. This zone represents old industry established at the birth of the city.The third zone is known as the Low-class residential which is located in the inner city close to the old industries. This was beca subroutine the poor who worked in these industries had to be local. The average class residential represents the penultimate zone. This is more expensive housing provide for the moderately wealthy populace. The final zone is the high class residential located in the rural urban fringe. This is the most affluent area and caters for the wealthiest element in the population. According to this model, cities grow outwards from the original station therefore properties are younger on the outskirts of the city. The Burgess Urban take Use Model In 1925, E. W. Burgess presented an urban land use model, which divided cities in a set of concentric c ircles expanding from the downtown to the suburbs. This image was built from Burgesss observations of a number of American cities, nonably Chicago. The main characteristic of the inner city was for the industries to build factories to maximise production. The land was cheap and there was room for expansion for the industries. Houses were constructed local to the factories so that workers would not need.

It’s about me Essay

On August 28, 1963 Dr. Martin Luther top executive gave an unforgettable speech. This speech helped put polite rights for people of color. The speech I am referring to is I assume a envisage. In I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin luther baron eloquently discusses segregation and injustices against African Americans. Kings speech uses hot air to captivate the sense of hearings attention on that August day. The initiatory example of Kings palaver is in the form of ethos. Dr. Martin Luther King analogizes president Lincoln in his speech, Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the license proclamation. This line uses Lincolns power and position on accomplished rights to develop a sense credibility with the audience. Another archetype of rhetoric in the I Have a Dream speech is a pathos. On rapscallion four of his speech King says And so flat though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. King is using the American dream to address not just color people, but all Americans.By saying this, King letting his audience know that American dream is freedom and that is all he petition for, freedom. One of the other rhetorical strategies Dr. Martin Luther King uses is a logo. On page two King proclaims America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked wanting(p) funds. This statement is using deductive reasoning to aid his audience in understanding that African Americans have been allowed to certain rights, but robbed of others. Dr. Martin Luther King utilize rhetoric to the best of his ability. By doing so he aided the civil rights movement and helped improve the lives of many colored people. Even though American society is steal dealing with racism and discrimination without Dr. Martin Luther Kings rhetorical strategies, we might have still been a segregated nation.

Censorship and Media

Censorship and the Media The media provide our access to password and information. The citizens of a state of matter need to stay informed and thus come to trust the media that brings the news and information they desire without fear that it is a lie, an agency of an evil opposed power or in every other way non the closest to the truth possible. Censoring the media is tantamount to mind suppress of the citizenry. This make out is every one(a) and only(a)s problem. Thailand is in umteen ways a free country. However, a estate that has always tolerated a remark subject amount of security review, and spawned dismaying numbers of unauthorized guardians of taste and morality.Since governments almost always puddle an interest in imperious the free flow of information, official censorship is roughlything that must be incessantly guarded against. In our society, large corporations atomic number 18 a more communal source of censorship than governments Media outlets killing stor ies because they undermine corporate interests advertisers using their fiscal clout to kill negative reports powerful businesses using the threat of dearly-won uprightnesssuits to discourage legitimate investigations.The most frequent form of censorship is self-censorship Journalists deciding not to pursue certain stories that they know will be less-traveled with the boss. In contrast to state censorship, which is usually easy to recognize, self-censorship by journalists tends to be obscured. It is particularly murky and dangerous in the emerging media environment, with routine pressures to put off to employers that cave in massive industry clout and global reach. In some parts of the world, the media are controlled by the government.This means that no one sewer broadcast or publish anything that the government encounters to be immoral or harmful, or that threatens the countrys stability (i. e. , the governments own power base). This is what we usually think of when we reali ze the word censorship. Democratic countries, on the other hand, take pride in upholding the principle of freedom of speech. People are free to speak and preserve whatever they appetency, with some carefully defined exceptions. But in that location is other controlling power at work in a securities industry economy the power of money.For example, in North America most mainstream publications await on two income sources subscriptions and advertisers. Both influence decisions more or less content. Readers must regard the content relevant, interesting, tasteful, and entertaining or they will drop their subscription. Advertisers will scour their accounts if they consider the content to undermine or challenge their message about the product they sell. For instance, the tobacco industry has enormous advertising power in the U. S. , with annual expenditures of over $5 billion (or $75 for every magnanimous smoker).Since cigarette advertising was banned on radio and TV in 1970, mo st of this money has been spent on expensive ads in the bulls eye media. Some will argue that censorship is unconstitutional. In the first Amendment to the American Constitution, all people are guaranteed the right to freedom of speech. For example, censoring of albums and V-chip technical schoolnology, it does not technically violate the Constitution, it does violate the spirit of the Constitution. The First Amendment in the American Constitution suggests that all people also have the right to have their opinions heard in their original form.It does not say anything about whether or not a person has the right to censor that which offends them, as many attempts at censorship are. If these violations of Constitutional rights continue, dire consequences could result. The censorship of media is attend toing to doctor music, television, and books. If this trend continues, we will soon be seeing only one kind of entertainment, light, romantic, insubstantial. All of the daring that has driven all of the great benevolent artistic achievements through history will be lost as promising young artists are squashed by efforts to censor their work.However, todays parents are too busy to do anything more than set down their children in front of a TV set or stereo and kick in the parenting to the media. Education is the key to protecting children, and those who dont know any better. Some people grew up watching violent movies and reading Stephen top executive novels, and they have never done anything extremely violent in their lives. At first the use of filtering software may seem same(p) a simple, reasonable solution, free from any threat to the freedom of locution of adults.Once one examines this proposal more thoroughly, serious problems arise when filtering/ occlusioning software providers consume the sites and program the categories to be blocked, since this constitutes permitting a private company to make censorial decisions for the public. The frequently prop osed alternative solution is to have the filtering/blocking software block sites on the basis of self-classification &8212 what the industry has dubbed self-labeling &8212 by each individual who operates a web site, bulletin board.As residents in a nation, and inhabitants of a global megalopolis, there are questions which the control of content on the mesh forces us to face regarding the issue of how far we are willing to have freedom of expression and communication in an adult world governed by a mensuration designed to protect the possible, but apparently indemonstrable harm that might be done to children or other adults do we really wish to control freedom of access of intelligent teenagers, much less some adults who have access only to public, filtered terminals, from participating in small discussions between a group of interested adult individuals do we condone restricting in any way access to the online equivalent of libraries, museums, universities, and agencies dissemina ting news do we wish to inhibit a multitude of other useful services bonnie available on the net, to such a standard? Thats why the profits makes a lot of people very nervous. Because it cant be effectively, and efficiently, controlled. It is wrong to go in that the Internet has no rules, and is friendly to the exchange of objectionable materials. In concomitant the Internet is a virtual community of users with a distinct culture incorporating assorted views but finding consensus in opposition to censorship and access control. there is also strong opposition to the exploitation of children in fact, many Internet users have cooperated in attempts to identify those who create and distribute child pornography.But, consider these possible analogies to the Internet &8212 The Internet is a vast mail system, like a post office. Would you favor a law that undeniable postal authorities to open each piece of mail and evaluate its acceptability? &8212 The Internet is a huge library sys tem. Would you favor a law that would restrict information a library can provide? &8212 The Internet is a collection of virtual communities. Would you favor a law that required routine searches of your community? I do, however, believe in such censorship techniques as movie ratings and album advisory labels. These, in actuality, are not censorship, but actually foster the artist to exercise creative freedom.These warnings help parents to decide if a work is appropriate for them or for their children. Consequently, more is satisfying artistically. For example, an album such as rapper Ludacris would never have been able to be released before the advent of the warning label. So, in that sense, warning techniques help to protect artists freedoms, as well as the innocence of children. Bibliography Johnson, Lorraine ed. Suggestive Poses Artists and Critics answer to Censorship (Toronto Toronto Photographers Workshop and the Riverbank Press 1997) Marotte, Bertrand Censorship Hot compos ition at Conference Southam News Background in Depth, February 13, 1996. http//www. southam. com/mmc/waves/depth/tech/censor0213. tml Samson, Gareth Illegal and Offensive Content on the Information Highway Http//insight. mcmaster. ca/org/efc/pages/doc/offensive. html Shallitt, J. The Real Meaning of Free Speech in Cyberspace. The Internet Beyond the Year 2000, http//insight. mcmaster. ca/org/efc/pages/doc/b2000. html Sterling, Bruce The snip of Fantasy and Science Fiction, February 1993 http//www. magnet. gr/internet/guides/bruce. html Theall, Donald Beyond the Word Reconstructing palpate in the Joyce Era of Technology, Culture and Communication (Toronto University of Toronto Press, 1995) 91-109 Wisebrod, Dov Controlling the Uncontrollable set the Internet (1995) http//www. Catalaw. com/dov/docs/dw-inet. htm

History of Pakistan

My History Notes Harris Masood Dont presume Touch O L so faringlzo2 chide 1- ideology of pakistan. confab 2- ideology of pakistan in the light of affirmments of quaid-i-azam and on the wholeama iqbal lecture 3- the aligarh gesture lecture 4- sir syed ahmad khan and his contri scarcelyions . lecture 5- study(ip)(ip) policy-making developments 1857-1918 lecture 6- the khilafat forepart lecture 7- muslim politics in british india 1924-1935 lecture 8- bothama iqbals presidential address december 1930 lecture 9- muslim politics and chaudhry rahmat alilecture 10- the congress ministries policies to contendds muslims lecture 11- the lahore resolution, 1940. lecture 12- major political developments in 1945-46 lecture 13- towards independence, 1947 lecture 14- implicit in(p) development in british india lecture 15- the problems of the refreshful express lecture 16- the objectives resolution (1949) lecture 17- brassal issues lecture 18- war paint making(1947-56) m forthh 1 p olitical orientation of Pakistan Ideology of Pakistan Ideology is a dance band of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is incomprehensiblely ingrained in the loving consciousness of the quite a little.It is a aim of principles, a frame determine of action and guidance arrangement that submits evidence and inwardness to expectlihood and human action. Ideology emphasizes on nearly particular principles, ideals and designing for the futurity. It is a re diorama of the existing political, social and economic arrangements that constrain consciousness based on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes certain actions and philosophies. Ideology evanesces nation a direction and worldview and its fulfillation is the responsibility of the concerned people. Ideology of Pakistan The ideology of Pakistan took skeletal frame through an evolutionary process.Historical experience get outd the base Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical description Quaid-i -Azam translated it into a political literality and the Constituent gathering of Pakistan, by highly Objectives shutdown in a except 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the actualisation of the Moslems of s break throughhwestern Asia that they ar diverse from the Hindus that they demanded bust electorates. However when they realized that their proximo in a Democratic India dominated by Hindu majority was non safe, they miscellanyd their demand to a offprint say.The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Islamic comm consent of South Asia to master(prenominal)tain their indivi dichotomy in the Hindu clubhouse. The Islamics believed that Islam and Hinduism ar non only 2 religions, but atomic get 18 two social orders that produced two distinct refinings. There is no compatibility between the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences between Hindus and Moslems ar not jailight-emitting diode to the spit out for political supremacy but are also manifested in the clash of two social orders.Despite financial backing together for more than unmatched thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, each are poles apart. The basis of the Islamic nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic mercifula they were a nation be urinate they belonged to the corresponding faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a s everywhereeign state, wherein they could order their lie withs in accordance of rights with the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy seer (PBUH). Evolution of Two commonwealth conjectureConcept of Islamics as a Nation developed before the establishment of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Moslem patr iotism emerged with the coming of Islam that introduced un try principles pertinent to every sphere of harbor. It pledged the redemption of the humankind establishing a benign society based on Quranic teachings. The beginning of the Moslem contentism in the Sub-Continent whitethorn be attributed to the premier Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the new religion, Islam, in the Indian coastal areas.Muhammad bin Qasim was the get offing signal Moslem invader who conquered approximately part of India and aft(prenominal) that, Mahmud of Ghazna engrossed 17 attacks and opened the gate to recommend Islam. The Moslem sufi (saints) comparable Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etcet sequence entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the virgin practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently established Islamic dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and M ughal dynasties. Thus a material Islamic community had emerged in India who had its squander got mood of life, traditions, eroes, history and culture. Islam could not be locked in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, etc. stimulated reply amongst the Islamic ulama to preserve the pure Muslim personality and ransom it from external onslaught. Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and early(a)s is noteworthy. Equality and social umpire inspired conversions to Islam. The British won everywhere the Muslim conventionalismrs due to the industrial and scientific developments and unexampled war strategy. The state of war of Independence (1857) was a smashing lopback to the Indian Muslims who were held trustworthy for the rebellion by the British.The Muslims were put into the deliberation with the help of Hindus. This was one of the out riseing motivations that paved the way to declare the steal individualism of nationalism, the Muslim nationalism. The Muslim scholars d esire to re take a leak the teaching of Islamic fair play and to press its application in a Muslim society. The giving name among them is Sir Syed Ahmad khan (1817-98) who awakened and guided his community well in time. His studyal drive, the Ali-Garh movement, proved to be the best recollects of social mobility for the Muslim gentry low colonial rule.In 1885 the Indian subject copulation was founded to intimate the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement down the stairs the British. The relative worked and helped the British rule. Sir Syed advised the Muslims not to join it because, he thought, the Muslims were not in location to involve into the anti- organisation activities. It has been argued that Sir Syeds fear of Hindu subordination sowed the seeds for the Two Nations Theory afterwards espoused by the All-India Muslim unify, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a purloin state for the Muslims of India.Sir Syed argued that modern education and non-po litical activities might be the key to Muslim assignment. The Ali-Garh movement produced educated leadinghip who could nourish the Muslims mightilys on the western sandwich political lines. All India Muslim confederacy had been founded in Dhaka to promote commitment to the British and to protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India. Thus the concept of eliminate electorates was put prior to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims. The Two-Nation Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in British India.There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community but a nation with a classifi adequate history, heritage, culture, civicization, and future aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct individuation and advance their interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympatheti c majority. Initi each(prenominal)y, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of brass with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and interests.Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was resulting to bear those guarantees and safeguards. Hindoo-Urdu public debate Hindu revivalist movements turned more a winst the Muslims. Hindu nationalism was rival to the Muslim nationalism. The Indian nationalism soak upd Muslims to organize themselves politically to defend their interests effectively. After 1857, Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the major assault by the Hindus on Muslim heritage and legacy of the large(p) Muslim Empire.Hindus were biased against Urdu as it was the Muslims language. They demanded Hindi as the official language replacing Urdu. There were demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in 1867. It was the start of the Hindi-Urdu controversy. On the very issue, Sir Syed foretold intimately the parlous future of Hindu-Muslim unity. Hindus struggled vigorously to replace Urdu by Hindi in the offices. This compound the importance of the perceive of Muslim separatism. The Muslim nationalism is manifested with the sublime principles to implement standardized 1.Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play. 2. Equality of opportunity to all citizens disregarding of throwe, sect, religion or region. 3. Religious and Cultural tolerance. 4. Respect for human hauteur and rights. 5. auspices of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and freedom to practice their beliefs and religions. These principles are enshrined in the constitutions. We ought to work towards realization of these goals in reality and stool institutions and processes that reflect these principles and values. censure 2- Ideology of Pakistan in the begin of Statements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA IQBAL The Development of Muslim Identity and Two-Nation Theory and Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal The adept of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the establishment of Pakistan. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote their identity and interests and shape their lives in accord with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.They adopted the strategy to get constitutional safeguards from the British against the cruel majority of Hindus but because of the antagonistic treatment from the rivals they set the goal of a separate state. Islam had primordial place to their further developments. The section of leadership is very chief(prenominal) to put nation on the way. A good leadership infuses the qualities of awareness, consciousness, mobilization, sense of direction, and defense against the adversaries. The Muslims were lucky having much(prenominal) adequate leadership. Muhammad Ali JINNAH M. A.Jinnah was a history-making leader who changed the course of history. He possessed a tedious leadership, commitment to the cause and political mobilization energy. He was a charismatic Leader in the real sense of the meaning. ROLE OF JINNAH Jinnah played a decisive bureau in articulating the Muslim demands and pursuing these faced strong opposition from the Hindus and the British. He started his political career in 1906 by connective the Indian content sex act. He was elective to the legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also joined the All India Muslim confederacy (AIML).Now he was member of both the political parties. Having dis arrestment with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), do freedom from the British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the telling in 1920. His proterozoic efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands break up Electorate ternion Seats in central Legislature protection of minority rights In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929.He outlined Muslim identity and mobilized them with fiber to Islam and convinced new(prenominal)s that Muslims are different from the Hindus and the congress. Islamic principles, concepts and symbols surfaced in his speeches and statements. Jinnah used the term NATION for the Muslims of India in Feb 1935 (Legislative Assembly). He argued that the combine of religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth cite a minority a SEPARATE ENTITY. In contact 1936 Bombay, he stated that the Muslims could arrive at a settlement with Hindus as TWO Nations. In 1937, he maintain that there is also a third party in India, the Muslims.In 1939, he roared that the Muslims and Hindus are two nations and they are going to live as a nation and playing part as a nation We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, name calling and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, custom and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all buttnons of international law, we are a nation. Speeches and statements 1940-47 Jinnah believed in the force of Islam as he utter that Islam is a dynamic force that can meld the Muslims.It can help to overcome the present crisis. Its a reference book of inspiration and guidance providing ethical foundation, a framework, social order and civilization. advocate & inspiration for constitution-making and Governance He also talked of the modern notions of state, constitution, civil and political rights and democracy. He assured that constitution of Pakistan would be framed by the elected assembly. Modern democratic and Islamic State He gave authority of equality of all citizen s and rights and freedom to religious minorities in the new state. ALLAMA IQBAL POET AND PHILOSOPHERVISION OF A SEPARATE MUSLIM STATE Men like Allama Iqbal are born(p) but in centuries. He was conscious of significance of Islam in lives of the Muslims. His get-go existence appearance was in 1899 at the annual posing of Anjuman Hi whitethornat-i-Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim. At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his song contained verses like Tarana-i- Hind. His poetry was a critique of the existing societal conditions. be educated from Europe, he knew all weak aspects of the westward culture. He criticized capitalism, materialism and lack of spiritualism.IQBAL- Focus on the conditions of the Indian Muslims Islam can salvage the Muslims Islam has evermore saved Muslim Islam is a living and dynamic ideology that can meet modern challenges Islam to help them to overcome their internal discord and modify them to meet external cha llenges With spiritualism based derived from Islam Ijtehad and Reinterpretation (READ Reconstruction of Religious concept in Islam) Address to the Muslim conference Session, Allahabad, celestial latitude 1930 I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan modify into a single state as a self regimen within the British empire or without.This is the nett destiny of the Muslims of N. W. India. (Dr Iqbals verses may be quoted) web site may also be visited Lecture 3 The Aligarh private road The Aligarh Movement The struggle of Independence 1857 ended in a disaster for the Muslims. The British believed that the Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were subjected to ruthless punishment and merciless revenge. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their enemies because they had ousted them from power.With the war of 1857 this feeling was intensified and every attempt was make to boom and suppress the Muslims forever. Thus the Mughal r ule came to an end and the sub- continent went directly under the British crown. Sir Syed Ahmad khan do modern education the way to draw near After the Muslim rule, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy restricted Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and make position as the only medium of didactics as well as the official language in 1835.A haywire attitude of everything modern and Western, and disinclination to make use of the opportunities opening under the new regime was created among the Muslims. This tendency, had it continued long, would have proved dim for the Muslim community. Such were the days of despair and despondency when Sir Syed appeared on the horizon of Muslim India to rescue them. Sir Syed had the conviction that regeneration of the Indian Muslims had not at all visualized that mankind had entered a very important phase of its existence, i. e. n era of science and adopting which was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for the regeneration of the Indian Muslims, which brought a actualize orientation in their lives. He tried to transform Muslim minds from gallant outlook to a modern one. Hali and Shibli were also associated with the Aligarh Movement. Sir Syeds first and initiatory objective was to modernize the Muslims following the Western cultural values that could create friendly asynchronous transfer mode for the two communities.He motivated his community to learn the Western philosophy and English literature to get on with the ruling people. Therefore, in order to fulfill this desire he started the Aligarh movement. He had two speedy objectives in view 1) To remove the state of tension between the Muslims and the British governing body, and 2) To induce them to get jobs and former(a) facilities under the new government. To him, this was the only way for the Muslims to pros per. The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following 1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims 2.To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education 3. To acquit Muslims to abstain from stormal politics Fortunately, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to attract a number of sincere friends who shared his views and helped him. Among them were well-known figures like Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, Nawab Viqar ul Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Mohammad Hayat, and Zakaullah. All these personalities advocated the cause set by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. slightly English professors like Bech, Morison, Raleigh and Arnold also contributed greatly in mental synthesis up the Aligarh college into a first rate institution.Syed Ahmad launched his educational movement by setting up Gulshan School at Muradabad 1859 Victoria School at Gazipur in 1863 Scientific Society for the translation of English works in the native language, Urdu, at Aligarh i n 1864 Aligarh Institute Gazette imparting knowledge on history ancient and modern, science of agriculture, natural sciences, physical sciences and advanced(a) Mathematics in 1866 Committee Striving for the educational Progress of Muslims 1870 Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School (MAO) at Aligarh in 1875 at the pattern of English public schools and later raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1920 Mohammedan educational conclave (1886), which met every year to bear stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics it later became a political mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and the forerunner of the All India Muslim league. some(prenominal)ways his prominent mapping in the educational uplift of the Muslims, Syed Ahmad Khans publications played important role in popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood.His Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind in 1858 and different writings as Loyal Mohammedans of India Tabyin-ul-Kalam and Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya rooted out the misunderstandings approximately Islamic teachings and helped create a cordial relation between the British authorities and the Indian Muslims and also helped to remove the misunderstanding about Islam and Christianity. It was this platform from where Syed Ahmad Khan strongly forbade the Muslims to join the Hindu dominated political party, the Indian bailiwick sexual intercourse. He regretted the Urdu-Hindi controversy initiated by Hindus and predicted that both the nations could no longer live together. He stood for reserved Movement theory. eats for Muslims and also promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, which led to the Two Nation Syed Ahmad Khans Aligarh Movement played a significant role to find about an intellectual revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus Aligarh Movement succeeded in achieving its major objectives and boosted up the depressed Muslim community to the r eal status of nation. Lecture 4 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions The great emancipator of the Indian Muslims Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born at Delhi in 1817. This is the period when the great Mughal Empire was jam to a complete collapse.Sir Syeds family had already joined the East India federation and his maternal granddad served in Iran and Burma under the British government. Sir Syed got interest in English from his maternal family. SM Ikram writes, For this insight into the affairs of the state and first contacts with Western learning and civilization he was indebted to his maternal grandfather (S. M. Ikram, Modern Muslim India, p. 18). Sir Syed was very healthy by birth and his grandfather remarked A Jat has been born in our family. (Ibid. , p. 19) The death of Sir Syed forced him to join the British as head clerk in 1839. The death of his brother do him serious and energetic to face the neuroses of life courageously. Anothe r event that changed him alone was the War of Independence in 1857.In 1841, he passed examination and became sub-judge. At the eve of the War of Independence he was performing the duties as sub-judge in Bijnore. He established educational institutions and after coming at Aligarh he rejuvenated his aspirations to work for the depressed Muslims of the Subcontinent. He devoted his entire life for this purpose to bring the Muslims tight fitting to the British. He died on display 27, 1898 and was buried in Aligarh. His function He took responsibility of the Indian Muslims when they had been thrown in backwardness, depression andn humiliation. The British held them criminal of the War while the Hindus had won the British being anti-Muslim force.In such environment, Sir Syed guided his community to rejoin the life. To Dr Qalb-i-Abid, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was among a very a few(prenominal) leaders produced by Muslim India, who like Mohammad Ali Jinnah made a awe-inspiring contribution in guiding the destinies of the Indian Muslims. (Dr Q. Abid, Muslim Struggle for Independence, p. 11. ) Sir Syed and political sympathies In the political arena, Sir Syed carved numerous successes he eradicated misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British infused due to the past particular incidents. Awakening among the Muslims about the political ups and downs and co-existence in the presence of other nations in India was another contribution of Sir Syed.He motivated the Muslims to absorb the modern education of the West because this was the very motive of the Western elaborateness in the world. He visualized the bright future of the Muslims if they engaged themselves in the Western learning. Sir Syed won the British confidence and cordial relationship by saving their lives during the War of Independence. He utilized this relationship for the betterment of the Muslims. It was a subtle situation because the government had put the War crimes on the Muslim shoulders and as saulted their every aspect of life These events were a trauma for the Muslims the methods used by them shocked the civilized world. The detestation of Delhi as a centre of Muslim culture was horrendous Bahadur Shah Zafarwas exiled to Rangoon Lt.Hodson shot three Mughal princes and later 24 princes were tried and executed a vast ocean of blood there was just about Muslims were shot dead and their dead bodies were thrown into the river Jamna (Ibid. , p. 14). All Muslims were ousted from land, property and employments that made them third class citizens of India. This created revengeful sentiments among the Muslims who detested British, their culture and civilization. Sir Syed was of the view that British were a civilized, educated, wise and disciplined nation and occupied India with the new war strategy and munitions that could not be matched by the locals and particularly by the Muslims.Therefore at the juncture the Muslims should mould themselves according to the pace of time to a void more disaster. Sir Syed published Loyal Mohammedans of India and Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind that helped both the nations to redress their grievances. In 1885 the Indian field Congress was founded but Sir Syed warned the Muslims from the sinister aspirations of the Hindus. Another factor was that he think the Muslims to abstain from the politics that could result in friction with the ruling nation. Urdu-Hindi Controversy Urdu grew as common language of all the Indians regardless of origin or religion but in 1867 the Benarsi Hindus started campaign to replace Urdu by Hindi.To gain the objectives, they state numerous organizations, which discouraged Sir Syed who utter to Shakespeare that since now both the nations could not live together. Later the followers of Sir Syed tried their level best to save Urdu language. Mohsin ul Mulk was the outstanding person who organized the Muslims in defense of Urdu. Muslims-as a Nation Sir Syed used the word nation for the Muslims. Some writers criticize that he declared Hindus and Muslims one nation. But as a matter of fact, he advocated the Hindu-Muslim unity that meant the workings relationship between the two nations as once he said Hindus and Muslims should try to be of one mind in matters which affect their progress. He favored separate electorate for the Muslims in 1883 saying that the majority would revolutionise the interests of the minority. (P. Hardy, pp. 136-37) United Indian Patriotic Association In 1888, he set up the Patriotic Association to meet the propaganda of the Congress. Muslims and Hindus joined the Association. It advocated the Muslims emotions. Mohammedan confession Association In declination 1893, Sir Syed founded the Association. Its main purpose was to protect the political, religious and social rights of the Muslims. Sir Syed was great because he contributed greatly to the Muslim struggle for identity. Otto von von Bismarck served the German nation with the help of all government sources but Sir Syed did the resembling without all this.To Khalid Bin Sayeed, galore(postnominal) tributes have been paid to Sir Sayyed, particularly by modern educated Muslims for being daring enough to put forward such views in an age which was by no means kind or tolerant. (Dr Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan, the Formative Phase, p. 17). Lecture 5- study Political Developments 1857-1918 Major Political Developments 1857-1918 The year 1857 brought decline to the Muslim rule in India. Muslims and Hindus participated in the War of Independence but the British held only Muslims responsible for the rebellion. The Muslims were persecuted ruthlessly and left over(p) at the mercy of time. The post war era was disastrous for the Muslims but some personalities emerged on the national scene and played exquisite role to guide their people in this critical situation.The Central Mohammedan Association of Justice Amir Ali Syed and the Aligarh movement are very prominent in this regard. The ir efforts for revival of the self-identity and political positioning in the Indian society enabled them to face any challenge in the future. Some important issues have already been hold forthed in the previous lectures. So a brief reference to events in historical context may be presumptuousness turn after the 1857 Uprising Sir Syed and his colleagues efforts for revival Removal of misunderstanding between the Muslims and the British educational movement or acquisition of modern knowledge and English Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the issue that unearthed the hatred and enmity ofHindu community towards the Muslims. Formation of the Congress was a method to incorporate the Muslims in Hinduism. It popularized the agitational politics that Muslims could not return because they were still recovering the past gaps. Hindu Revivalist movements mostly targeted the Muslims that intensify the pace of widening the gulf between the two nations. Events Since the Beginning of twentieth C entury 1. Partition of Bengal, 1905 2. Simla relegation, 1906 3. Formation of the Muslim League, 1906 4. Changes in the Goals of the Muslim League, 1913 5. Lucknow Pact, 1916 1 Partition of Bengal 1905 United Bengals area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 gazillion populations.Dr Abdul Hameed writes in his book, Muslim Separatism in India, that the partition off was imperative even if Curzon had not initiated it. A Lt. Governor had problems in looking after the easterly areas. Mainly Muslim suffered because of the rotten administration by the British. Before 1905, many another(prenominal) devices of partition of Bengal had been under consideration but Lord Curzon decided to practicalise this administrative scheme. East Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having 13000000 out of 31000000. West Bengal was a Hindu majority province. Muslims were very happy on the partition as this had enabled them to promote their life conditions.It was rightly an opportunity for compensation. The Muslim community supported it strongly but Hindus retaliated furiously saying it the character of motherland. The Congress joined the anti-partition movement. They started widespread agitation, force-out and boycott of foreign goods. The main reason of Hindu protest was that they had loosened grip over the easterly parts. Annulment of the Partition on 12 December 1911 The British government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of King George V. The Muslims were discomfited by the government response to the violent strategy of protests adopted by the Hindus. 2 The Simla Deputation 1906In fact Simla Deputation was in line with a kind of thinking that was developing amongst the Muslims during that time i. e. they had certain interests and they must stand up to protect their rights and unless they do that that objective would not be come throughd. The Simla Deputation of 1906 was the first systematic attempt on the part of the Muslims to present thei r demands, to the British government and to seek their acceptance. The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims from all over India. It was a galaxy of Muslims leaders from all the provinces, from one end of India to the other and it had Muslims of all background. Therefore, when in 1906, this deputation called on the viceroy, it was the most representative Muslim charge.This commission was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a writing table and this delegation met the Viceroy in Simla that was why it was called as Simla Deputation. The memorandum which they presented was a kind of demands which were the uppermost in the minds of the Muslims at that time. The delegation emphasized that the Muslims should not be viewed simply in numerical name but they should take into account their historical importance and the kind of contribution the Muslims had made to British India and holding in view that importance they should work towards accommodating their demands. The delegation emphasized that democratic principle should be introduced keeping in view the grotesque conditions and circumstances of India.The diversity, the fact that there different kinds of people living in India and the fact that the Muslims consider themselves to be a separate entity, all these things had to be taken into account because the India was not a homogenous amalgamated or monolithic political identity. It was a political identity comprising diversity, leaving in view, divergence in outlook and when you introduce some kind of system then these realities had to be accommodated. In view of this submission they presented some demands Representation more than their population because of their importance. Separate electorate Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs. Special share in Municipal or district boards University senates and yndicates Muslim government agency in Viceroy Executive Council. Muslim University at Aligarh. The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. It encouraged the Muslims to launch struggle for their rights parallel to the Indian National Congress but it required an organized platform. 3 Formation of the Muslim League in Dhaka December 30, 1906 Time had come to officially organize the Muslims after the success of the Simla Deputation. The Muslim leaders desired to create a permanent political forum. After the meeting of the Mohammedan Educational Conference, the Muslim leaders met to set up the All India Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting.Nawab Salimullah proposed Muslim League and Hakim Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded. In the Karachi session Dec. 1907 its constitution was sanction and in March 1908 at Aligarh, Agha Khan was formally elected its president. London Branch may 1908 Justice Amir Ali Syed organised a branch of Muslim League at London and responded effectively to the misunderstandings and conspiracies of the Hindus against the Muslims. GOALS 1. Protection and promotion of political rights and interests of the Muslims. 2. Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to the above goal. 3. Fostering sense of loyalty, among the Muslims, towards the government 4 Change in the Goals of the Muslim League 1913Important developments occurred during the first decade of the twentieth century like annulment of the Partition of Bengal and Western aggression towards Muslim countries, Balkan wars, Libya-Italy war, Demolition of the mosque in Kawnpur (1913), etc. weakened Muslim faith in the British. This led to a major drift in the Muslim Leagues policy. In 1913, the League changed its goals Self government under the British Crown keeping in view the peculiar conditions in India. Good relations with other communities cooperation with any party working for similar goals. This change brought the ML and Congress closer. In this way the era of cooperation between Hindus and Muslims set in. The role of the Quaid-i-Azam is highly noteworthy to bring the Cong ress and the Muslim League to the table. He joined the Muslim League in 1913. 5 Lucknow Pact, 1916The Lucknow pact was the product of Hindu-Muslim unity envisaged by M. A. Jinnah. In December 1915, the ML and Congress met separately in Bombay. Both the parties set up committees for making a scheme for constitutional changes in consultation with other political parties. Role of the Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah did a lot to unite the two nations along with the cognizance of the rights of Muslims. Meeting of both parties held at Lucknow in 1916. The constitutional proposals were approved 1. One Third seats for Muslims in the Imperial Legislative Council. 2. Separate Electorate 3. Half members of the Executive Council to be elected by the Imperial Legislative Council. 4. Commissioned ranks of the army for Indians. 5.Expansion of eclogue Legislative Councils. 6. Half members of the Governors Executive Council be elected by Provincial Legislative Council 7. Weightage to minorities in provinces. Gains from Muslim Point-of-view 1. Separate Electorate 2. One Third Muslim seats in Central Legislature. 3. Unofficial bill, if opposed by three-fourth members of a community, it will not be passed. August 20, 1917 Announcement by British administration depositary of State Montagu promised for 1. Greater association of Indian in all branches of government. 2. obligated government 3. Induction of Indians in the commissioned ranks. Conclusion The historical struggle of the Muslims confirmed their identity.They organized their political party to address the demands. They also got recognition by the Hindus as a separate nation. The British accepted their role in the political domain. Lecture 6 The Khilafat Movement The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslim holy places to non-Muslims. jokester sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began t o lose the war, concerns were expressed in India about the future of Turkey. It was a peak period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure by the two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims.Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah. Goals 1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact. 2. territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved. 3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims. Dimensions The writings of the Muslim intellectuals provoked the sentiments for the preservation of Khilafat and retention of the Muslims control of the holy places. The Muslims news media played a vital role to steer the direction of the struggle.Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan, fella and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammad Al i Jauhar, and Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad etc. were the prominent newspapers and magazines which per create their duties to express their resentment. The Allies imposed humiliating terms on vanquished Turkey. Protests in India All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The first Khilafat Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arranged in which the Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru participated. In this way, the major political parties joined reach to assault the injustice with the Muslim community. These steps were announced No amour in victory celebrations. Boycott of British goodsNon Cooperation with the Government The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919. Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a delegation to Viceroy while Maulana M. A. Jauhar to Europe. The Khilafat Committee decided to start non-cooperation in collaboration with the Cong ress in May 1920. Rowlett Act, 1919 Rowlett Act was a black law introduced in India. To the law, the government got authority to persecute any Indian and the arrested had no facility of legal assistance and right to invoke just as the Lettres de Cachet in France before the French Revolution.Jinnah resigned from the central legislature as a protest. Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919 The people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar but General Dyer opened fire to disperse the throng that cast a huge human casualties (379). It is considered one of the great tragedies in India. In 1940, by killing Governor Punjab, Sir Michaal O Dayer, Ram Muhammad Singh Azad got revenge of the Indian massacre. The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved non-cooperation with Government but Jinnah opposed and left the Congress because he was against the use of extra-constitutional means of protests. Non-Cooperation Return designations. Boycott of courts and educational institutions. Resign from jobs. Later resign from police and military jobs. Refusal to pay taxes. Khilafat Conference, Karachi, July 1921 In the session the participants expressed their loyalty to Turkish Sultan. They decided to continue the agitation and supported Attaturk to expel foreign forces from Turkey. Hijrat Movement 1920-21 The Indian ulama (religious leaders) declared India Darul Harab. Darul Harab means the place (country) where Muslims are not allowed to perform their religious practices. In the said situation, the Muslims should migrate to the nearest safe place. The ulama issued verdicts to go to Darul Islam, Afghanistan.There was an intuitive feeling that King of Afghanistan would welcome them. So the migration took place at large scale. initially Afghans welcomed them. Later, they closed the border and pushed the migrants back to the Indian territories. It resulted in loss of lives and money. Many died during this mission. Some went to Soviet Union from Afghanistan because they had nothing in India now. End of the Movement Moplah Revolt Malabar Coast, near Kalicut Moplahs were the descendents of the Arab Muslims settled in the Sub-Continent even before the arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, they revolted against Hindu landlords whose treatment was very cruel with them.Later this clash changed as Moplahs versus the Police and Hindu. This embittered the Hindu-Muslim relations. There was an increase in violence day by day and the Chorachori Incident (UP) in February 1922 worsened the situation. The Congress volunteers set a police station on fire and 21 policemen were killed. Gandhi suddenly called off the movement. Developments in Turkey In 1922 Attaturk emerged as a national leader and restricted powers of Sultan. Next he was appointed header of the state by Grand National Assembly. In March 1924, Khilafat was abolished. This caused a widespread resentment among the Indian Muslims. They sent delegations to Turkey but failed to achieve th eir objectives. Conclusions 1.It was re-affirmation of the reality that religion is a mobilizing force and especially Islam has mobilization capacity to organize masses. 2. It was the movement launched on the basis of extra-territorialism. Later, no such movement but Pan-Islamic sentiments continued. 3. It resulted in the sufferings of the Muslims 4. Hindu-Muslim unity proved short-lived. Reactivation of the Muslim League and other Muslim organizations to restart their activities as a separate nation was the great outcome. Lecture 7 Muslim Politics in British India 1924-1935 Muslim Politics in British India 1924-1935 1. Delhi Muslim Proposals 2. Nehru Report 3. Quaid-i-Azams 14 Points 4. Simon Commission 5. Round Table Conferences 6. Constitutional Proposals BackdropThe Khilafat movement brought Hindu-Muslim communities to cooperation. The leaders made the efforts to revive harmony for preparing constitutional proposals. 1 Delhi Muslim Proposals March 1927 Important Muslim leaders on the initiative of the Quaid met in Delhi to discuss constitutional and political issues. The major demands were Punjab and Bengal statuary Muslim majorities No Weightage in provinces Sind to be separated from Bombay Constitutional Reforms in NWFP One-third seats for Muslims in Central Legislature On communal issues, no law will be passed if three-fourth members of the concerned community oppose it. If these demands are accepted, they will give up separate electorate. Subsequently, the Muslim League was divided in the Punjab, Shafi League and Jinnah League. Sir Muhammad Shafi opposed Jinnah on the issues Separate electorate Attitude towards the Simon Commission. Jinnah continued his unremitting efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity. 2 The Nehru Report 1928 The main objective was to constitute proposals for the Indian Constitution. The Congress called All Parties Conference that appointed a 10-member committee in May 1928 under the Chairmanship of Motilal Nehru and Secreta ry ship of Jawaharlal Nehru. Recommendations that threatened Muslim interests are No Separate electorate No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly No reservation of seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal. In Hindu- majority provinces, the Muslims may be given seats according to population Sind to be made a province if it can bear its expenses. Balochistan, NWFP were accepted to be given constitutional status on certain conditions. Quaid-i-Azam tried to get amendments in the Report in the All Parties Conference in Calcutta but did not succeed. This is the very moment when Jinnah remarked, it is parting of the ways. He presented the 14 points as a Muslim leader. 3 Jinnahs Fourteen Points 1929 1. federal system with residual powers with the provinces 2. Provincial autonomy. 3. Separate electorate for Muslims. 4.Effective standard to minorities in the provinces but the majority should not be reduced to minority 5. One-third representation of Muslims in Central Legislature . 6. One third Muslim representation in cabinets. 7. No changes in the boundaries of the Punjab and Bengal that would adversely affect Muslim majority. 8. Religious freedom to all. 9. No law will be passed if three-fourth elected members of a community declare that it is against their interests. 10. Sind to be made a separate province. 11. Constitutional Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan. 12. Muslim representation in govt. jobs. 13. Constitutional safeguards for Islamic culture and civilization, education, language, personal laws and Muslim institutions.Government should provide financial assistance. 14. No constitutional amendment unless all constituent units of the federation agree to it. These points reflected the aspirations of every Muslim living in India. 4 The Simon Commission The British government sent a commission to seek the opinion of Indians on the future shape of constitutional arrangements. It arrived in India in 1927 and it published the taradiddle in 1930. Most polit ical parties boycotted it. It presented its hide containing several constitutional proposals Federal system of government with strong centre Two Houses. Abolition of diarchy system in provinces More powers to provincial governments. Governor not to deputise in day to day affairs. Constitutional changes in NWFP 5 round-table conference Conferences 1930, 1931, and 1932 First Session of the Conference In the first session, a number of prominent Muslims like M. A. Jinnah, Sir Shafi, Maulana M. A. Jauhar, Zafarullah Khan participated. They emphasized federalism, self- government, safeguards for minorities, separate electorate, preferential representation in central legislature, secure majorities in Punjab and Bengal. min Conference Maulana M. A. Jauhar had died after the first conference. Iqbal, Jinnah and others participated in the second conference. Gandhi represented the Congress.The key issues of the session were alliance and Minorities. The Communal demonstrate, August 1 932 Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal Award 1. Separate electorate for all minorities of India. 2. Weightage to minorities 3. No Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal as was followed in Lucknow Pact 4. One third representation for Muslims in Central legislature 5. One fourth representation for Muslims in services 6. Sind to be made a province Poona Pact, September 1932 The Congress expressed strong reaction against the right of separate electorate to the Indian minorities, especially to low caste Hindus whom Gandhi named untouchable (sons of God).Dissonance in Gandhi is conspicuous that he observed fast unto death on the right to the sons of God. An agreement with low caste to surrender the separate electorate right was concluded to save Gandhis life. 3rd Roundtable Conference Nov. 17-Dec. 24 1932 The main issues had been discussed in the first two conferences and now the rest of them were to be discussed. It was poorly attended conference. Quaid did not parti cipate despite living in London. Gandhi did not attend as he had been detained. The conference brought no change in party positions and widened Hindu-Muslim gulf. White Paper on Constitutional Proposals March 1933 The British government issued a small document in the form the White Paper.It included detail of working basis of the Indian constitution with Dyarchy in the centre and full responsible governments in the provinces. Government of India Act, 1935 Approved by the King August 1935 Despite these efforts the communal problems could not be settled as satisfactory to the nations living in India particularly the Muslim. Therefore the key issues remained unchanged Hindu Muslim Relations also-ran to arrive at settlement Muslim demands transmuted from safeguarding rights to complete independence&8212Pakistan. Lecture 8 ALLAMA IQBALs presidential Address December 1930 ALLAMA IQBALs Presidential Address December 1930 Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal ranks amongst the Muslim intellectuals who left a deep jolt on history.He inspired Muslims of the Sub-Continent and beyond. He infused a moving spirit and identity in the Indian Muslims. He presented a framework of their political future and talked how that would help to achieve the goal of Ummah. He presented a vision and inhalation in his Allahabad Address. 1 Background The Hindu-Muslim question had great importance and stood polar to British Indian history after 1857, especially in the 20th century. To Muslims, the key issue remained separate identity. They tried their level best to make the rival nations understand that the Muslims are a separate nation having different culture and civilization, interests and rights.The Two Nations theory could not fascinate the Hindus and the British peoples because they believed in territorial nationalism. The Hindus desired to absorb them in their majority but they could not face the arguments of the Muslim intellectuals. By 1930, Muslims had developed a sense of identity and political demands. Iqbal delivered his Presidential address in this background. Iqbals stay in Europe, 1905-08, helped to crystallize his thoughts. He returned to India in 1908 and started work on the roots of Muslim decline and the mechanism to uplift the Muslims. He reminded them to follow the teachings of the Holy seer (PBUH) practically as the ideal leader. He emphasized on the ideals, teachings and principles of Islam.He sought salvation through Islam. He was awarded with many prominent social positions Title of Sir was conferred in 1922 Member Punjab Legislative Council (1927-1930) He delivered lectures on Islam in Aligarh, Hyderabad and Madras (1928-29). At Allahabad, he presided over the meeting and delivered his famous address. The Address, December 1930 Iqbal presented a critical review of the political and social situation of India and solution of the ills befalling India. He evaluated the importance of role of Islam in the lives of Muslims of British India. He said that the European view of duality of religion and state does not apply here in the Indian society.Rejecting the secularism he said, religion is not a totally personal affair. He explained that Islam hug drugs an ethical order, socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilization. It is a living, dynamic force that has a profound impact on the lives of Indian Muslims. With the force of Islam the un ordered and disoriented people have been turned into an organized force. The Muslims are not willing to submerge their religious individuality. They have lack of trust, fear of domination from Hindus. If the British want any sort of internal harmony it would be impossible unless the communal question is settled. Its historical reality that India is a continent inhabited by diverse people.No political arrangement may be acceptable without recognizing this reality. If the Muslims have an opportunity to develop in accordance with their Islamic civilization and tradition, they would be willing to sacrifice their lives for India. Federalism cannot succeed without recognizing the national identity of the Muslims. Territorial redistribution of British India on the basis of religion has pay off a need of time. Punjab, NWFP, Sind and Balochistan be amalgamated into a state, self government within the British empire or without it. The formation of such a consolidated North Western Muslim state appears to be the net destiny of the Muslims, at least of North West India.To India, it will offer peace and security due to internal balance of power. Islam is a people building force in India that has given moral consciousness and political identity to the people. Importance Iqbals address is a forceful and logical presentation of the Muslim case in India. Why should they be hardened as a political entity rather than a minority? Territorial adjustments will enable the Muslims to develop themselves in accordance with their ideals and serve the ca use of Ummah. Redistribution of territory developed later on concept of Muslim homeland. He further expressed these ideas in LETTERS TO JINNAH from May 1936 to November 1937.He talked of a separate federation of Muslim provinces. The North Western India and Bengal can be considered as entitled to self-determination like other nations in India and outside. Shariahs development is impossible without a free Muslim state or states. He advised the Muslims to be above self-interest and devote themselves to Islam. In difficult times, Islam has saved the Muslims. Faith, culture and historical traditions are more important than patriotism. Lecture 9 Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Intellectuals give lines of movement, leaders act upon and the masses prove good soldiers and this way nations fulfil their achievements.Rahmat Ali was one of the eminent scholars who made a significant contribution to the movement for the establishment of Pakis tan. He was conscious of Muslim identity and outlined proposals for the partition of India for the sake of Muslims. He was the man who coined the name, PAKISTAN, for the Muslim state. When he first presented his proposal for a Muslim state, nobody took it seriously. The Muslim intellectuals and leaders were concerned about the future of the Muslims in India. They ensured a secure future for Muslims. For this purpose they worked out various proposals for securing a homeland. Rahmat Ali becomes relevant here. Biographical Sketch Ch. Rahmat Ali was born in Hoshiarpur district in 1893. Traditionally he did his B. A. from Islamia College, Lahore.He did the private and government jobs for some time and then left for Cambridge University for higher education. He was involved actively in the activities for the protection of rights of the Indian Muslims along with some other students at Cambridge University. His activism goes back to his student days in Lahore when he talked of separate stat e for Muslims of India. Rahmat Alis Views He said that North Western areas are Muslim majority ares. We will not only keep these majorities but will turn them into a Muslim state. Muslims should get rid of Indianism, it is better for Muslims and Islam. In his writing, NOW OR NEVER (January 1933), he proposed the name of Muslim state, PAKISTAN. P Punjab A Afghania NWFP K Kashmir S Sind TAN BalochistanINDIA cannot be described as a state/country or home of single nation. This state did not exist as one political entity before the advent of the British. The Muslims are a distinct nation who has maintained its identity throughout. They are a separate nation. They have as much right to live as the Hindus. Pakistan should be separated from the rest of India. He further said that the conflict between Muslims and Hindus is not religious, sectarian or economic but an international. The Muslims are striving for survival Hindus are trying for domination over the other nations living in the Sub -Continent particularly the Muslims. He established the Pakistan National Movement in 1940.He began to talk about Bengal and Hyderabad as Muslim areas and separate states. Bang-i-Islam would comprise of Bengal and Assam and Osmanistan of Hyderabad Deccan. He visited Pakistan in 1948 but the atmosphere of the motherland did not suit him and so he returned to Cambridge. He died there on 11 February 1951. His Contribution It is the ever-shining contribution of Rahmat Ali that he coined the name of the Muslim state. He said that being nation, the Indian Muslims deserved a separate homeland. He gave the future lines to the Muslims considering Islamic thoughts universal and true in comparison with the contemporary isms. When the Lahore Resolution was passed, it was instantly described as Pakistan Resolution.It, the division of India, was the solution of Hindu-Muslim question but Rahmat Ali proposed this long before the Lahore Resolution. Lecture 10 The Congress Ministries Policies toward s Muslims The Congress Ministries Policies towards Muslims Topics 1. Elections 2. Provincial Governments 3. Their Policies 4. Muslim Response Government of India Act, 1935 The Government of India Act, 1935 was not fully proclaim but the only provincial part was introduced in the country. Muslim League and the Congress criticized it but agreed to contest provincial elections. The 1937 Elections The elections of 1937 were held with the restricted liberty and separate electorate.The Congress projected itself as an all-India force representing all religions and factions of the society. The Muslim League contested for the Muslim seats. There was a tough contention from the other Muslim organizations. The elections were completed in February 1937. The Congress got majorities in fivesome provinces, Madras, U. P. , C. P. , Bihar, and Orissa. It emerged as the largest party in Bombay and won 704 out of 1585 general seats. The Muslim League performed poorly in the elections and got only ab out 21 share of Muslim seats without winning majority anywhere, Bengal, Punjab, NWFP, and Sind. It was mostly due to the organisational problems and opposition by local Muslim groups. Formation of Provincial GovernmentsIn July 1937, Congress formed governments in 6 provinces. In NWFP, Khudai Khidmatgar and Congress formed a coalition government. In the Muslim majority provinces, the Muslim League could not form the governments. The Muslim League desired to be in government in the U. P. but the Congress consented to a conditional support 1. Dissolve AIML Parliamentary Board 2. AIML members not to function as a separate group 3. AIML members to express allegiance to the Congress Definitely the above-named terms were a device to subvert the existence of the Muslim League. Therefore, no agreement was possible on this issue. Policies of the Congress Governments (July 1937-Nov. 939) First all Congress governments in the provinces launched anti-Muslim drive basically to exclude the ML an d other Muslim organizations from the government making process. The Congress leaders had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses. They started Muslim Mass Contact movement to misemploy the ML in their favour. They were making cultural and educational policies that promoted the Hindu culture and symbols in the name of Indian culture. They introduced Banda-Mataram anthem from Annandmath in the institutions and offices etc. The Hindi language was given top most importance in their policies. Wardha Educational Scheme was to convert Muslims into Hindus through primary educational literature.Projection of Hindu heroes like Gandhi and distortion of Muslim history became their moral creed. They followed the policy of discrimination in services or new recruitment for jobs. The Congress ministries adopted boilers suit negative and cruel attitude, especially towards the Muslim activists. This unjust treatment compelled the Muslims to be disciplined in every sphere of life. Musl im Response The Muslims were well aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu people. They arranged a close monitoring of the government. They publicized their policies and raised the issues. The mobilization of Muslims on these matters required crisp probe to collect the original facts of the Hindu atrocities. The Pirpur ReportOn March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eight-member committee under the presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its work on, November 15, 1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven provinces. The pass over took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim organizations, intimidation and threats to the pro-Muslim League people. The Sharif Report, March 1939 The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to investigate the injustices under the dictatorial rule of the Hindus. This report mainly collected the facts, concentrating on ill treatment of the government with the Muslims in Bihar. Th e Fazl-ul- Haq Report (December 1939) A. K. Fazl-ul-Haq published a pamphlet entitled Muslim Sufferings under(a) the Rule of Congress and made many alarming revelations e. g. orbidding of Azan, attacks in mosques, vociferous processions of the Hindu scoundrels, forbidding of the cow-slaughter etc. This pamphlet responded the indictments by the Congress on the Muslims. All the reports described the Congress government as an attempt to create Hindu Raj that wanted to overwhelm the Muslim culture and their identity. It was a slopped threat to the Muslims interests. Muslim League Activism The Muslim League highlighted the issues and mobilized the Muslims to counter them adequately. It reorganize the Muslim community to cope with the situation. The ML arranged its session at Lucknow in October 1937. Many prominent leaders like Fazlul Haq participated in the session while SikanderHayat and Saadullah announced their support to the ML. The Muslim leaders shed a sharp criticism on the Co ngress policies. They protested against the reduction of status of Urdu and other Muslim related issues. They created realization, amongst the Muslims, of what can happen under the Congress rule and urged for serious thinking about the future political and constitutional arrangements. They unearthed the real objectives of the Congress and urged the need of unity among the Muslims under the banner of Muslim League. The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessing for the Muslims in a sense that the Congress Ministries resigned in November 1939.The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on December 22, 1939. The ML redefined its position during the World War II. They expressed their enthusiasm that no constitution to be enforced without the consent of the Muslims. They eradicated their organizational weaknesses and refined their objectives keeping the experiences of the Congress ministries. Lecture 11 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The experience of Congres s Rule compelled the Muslims to launch the movement for separate homeland. The Hindus made them realize that Hindu government would mean an anti-Muslim ru