Linguistic Reading Response Paper on “The Celtic Languages”

It is interesting to note that the term Celt is a lingual term first mentioned in the writings of Greek and Roman ethnographers and historians (MacAulay, p. 2). My thinking of the concept is that of a particular people with a distinct diction who once inhabited Great Britain. It turns out that this expression, generally known as Continental Gaelic, has a range of dialects once spread out crossways the various peoples of Europe such as in Gaul and Yankee Italy, yet died out on the European continent a a few(prenominal) centuries substantiate.Celtic survived however, in the British Isles and in Ireland, which is quite a exploit given the dominance of Latin and later English settlements. In legal injury of linguistic affinities, Celtic is recognized as an Indo-European language though it is of interest to note that experts regard it as having archaic features (MacAulay, p. 3), i.e. its lack of a fully developed infinitive, differentiation of gender in numerals 3 and 4, among others, sometimes attributed to its being a peripheral language removed from an innovating center. Variations betwixt the Celtic languages, i.e. Continental and Insular, appear to be a convoluted matter outperform left to linguists.Ultimately the evolved form of the modern Celtic languages has special typological features which atomic number 18 both archaic (conservative) and innovative. Locative structures used to express location and self-denial are utilized to express aspectual modes, which in turn hybridize the range of progressive, prospective and perfective aspects in Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and optionally in British (MacAulay, p. 6).On the other hand, Breton and Irish have innovated based on their majority contact languages French and English, to develop new perfective constructions, as contact with these languages is a primary accelerating source of innovation in Celtic tongues. Thus, languages continue to evolve as its speakers, in the course of their interaction with those of other cultures, are exposed to foreign influences in the on-going social interface between peoples and nations in an increasingly globalizing world.Linguistic Response Paper on the Creole ContinuumThe so-called Creole continuum evolve in situations in which a Creole coexists with its lexical source language and there is social motivation for Creole speakers to acquire the standard so that the speech of individuals takes on features of the latter or avoids features of the former to varying degrees (p. 50).Considering that linguists for a long time were unsure on how to classify varieties with both Creole and non-creole features, particularly the English-based varieties of the West Indies, it appears significant to call up that among the many Negro slaves in different parts of America, the jargon upon proper the only language of the subject group, is a creolized language considered inferior to the know speech yet nonetheless subject to constant leveling-out and improvem ent in the direction of the latter (Bloomfield, 1933, p. 474).Linguists such as DeCamp attempted to belong out a theoretical model that could deal with variation in a sufficiently rigorous manner, in reaction to the transformational generative grammar culmination to dominate American linguistics. The general usefulness of the continuum model gained wide sufferance by the mid-1970s, yet it is true that it fails to explain why Atlantic creoles in particular share so many structural features not arrange in their different lexical source languages (p. 58). Thus the shift back into a universalist theory giving primacy to language acquisition.Chomsky (1965) had proposed that children were born with a predisposition to recognize certain universal properties of language that facilitated their acquisition of the language of their particular speech community (p. 58). Yet such an assertion is fluent open to scholarly debate and argumentation. It would thus appear that the answer to the cr eole question remains elusive, despite advances in linguistic studies and theory.ReferencesMacAulay, Donald. The Celtic languages an overview

Certificate program & education

My employment in the field of pedagogics whitethorn be coincidental but is probably attributable to my quest for cultivation and advancing knowledge in all aspects of my life. Additionally, I believe in the notion that no matter what a businessmans reaping is, this person is definitely in the learning business.To succeed, the individual must ceaselessly educate his customers on the many advantages of doing business with him, train them on how to exercising the product efficiently as well as effectively and and then patch up never-ending improvement in their lives. It is against this background that I would entreat to apply for an admission to University of atomic number 27 to trace a Certificate in Leadership Studies.My decision to settle for this surety program was mainly communicate by several reasons. Firstly, a teacher is definitely a attracter and the program would help me expand my knowledge in leadership skills. This knowledge, I believe, would be helpful in my Ju nior Reserve Officers Training Corps (JROTC) classes.The certificate would complement the values of citizenship, service to my country, ain responsibility as well as accomplishments, the very virtues that the JROTC program wishes to give lessons into every American through teaching which is my c arer.Additionally, I believe in the process of continuous evaluation, improving on my weak areas and carrying on the suited virtues for the sake of my country and humanity at large, which I in tour of duty pass over to my students. With the dynamic nature of procreation, I take it as my responsibility to be abreast with the most current knowledge.Leadership Studies and other colligate courses such as Conflict Resolution Management are thence becoming increasingly important, more so for those in social responsibilities. In this bid, the University of Colorados Certificate Program would make me a get out teacher by equipping me with more knowledge and leadership skills that are inclin ed towards my career as a teacher.Though I have a degree in Business Administration, I must say that the prospective looks bright although I have not reached the epic. I would wish to billfold a Masters in Education after this certificate. This would career-wise place me in a cave in position and I would even be better equipped to serve humanity at a position which is much higher.In addition, it would ensure an increased remuneration and package that would transform both to my in-person growth as well as that of my family. As such, a certificate in Leadership Studies would form a good foundation for a Masters as all are inclined towards the field of education and would also be part of my greater continuous improvement personal policy.My decision for a certificate in Leadership Studies at Colorado University was further informed by a critical analysis base on accruing costs and benefits. Apart from the great reputation that the University of Colorado holds in the world of Junio r Reserve Officers Training Corps, I was looking a local university that could offer me a Certificate that carries transnational recognition, and at a pocket friendly price.Whether on distance acquisition mode or otherwise, to me, Colorado university appeared as the most viable option, more so for a veteran like me.Moreover, I consider education as the asset that does not build dreams but also ensures their realization. It is the asset that that rekindles hope, as through it, a bright future is foreseen. Irrespective of age, education turns a weak person to an energetic unity while self-assertion within an individual is built through educational accomplishments. Through education, one not nevertheless understands themselves but also discovers their potential, grabs opportunities and is therefore able to pursue success into its greatest heights.As a conclusion, I wish to make a worthy contribution to my life and humanity at large, and only through education can I secure the cha nce to do so. It also bears noting that through this certificate, I wish to open up my foreland and expand my horizons in all aspects, and this remains my objective as I place my application for consideration into admission to Colorado University.

Human Resources Integration Essay

Hugh McCauley, the Chief trading operations Officer of Riordan Manufacturing, has placed a service request, SR-rm-022 to integrate each(prenominal) subsisting mankind Re semens tools into a single integrated employment across on the whole architectural plant locations. The handicraft would like to take advantage of a more than sophisticated, state-of-the-art, info trunks techno logy to replace their current humanity Resources breeding remains or HRIS (Riordan Manufacturing, 2006.) In solvent to this request, this archive get out outline the pas age items. The discipline- gather techniques and organizations analysis tools proposed for this advise. Critical factors to chequer the sucessful gathering of in mannequination need for the jump out. verbal description of the design scope and the argonas of project feasibility, and backbone stakeholders of which requirements depart be placid ar withal discussed.INFORMATION GATHERINT TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS TOOLSTo ensure project success, it is historic to gather your key stakeholders together to discuss the body. refer Stakeholders for this project would be key management personnel office, IT round, and utilizationrs of both the legacy dust, and the hot dodge. Your key stakeholders pull up stakes as well as be the first level of intelligence gathering per defecateed. Key management personnel such as Hugh McCauley, the COO, who screwing give the corporal view of the legacy and the new system of rules. HR Director Yvonne McMillian and Payroll/ approximate Clerk Anan Richlich potbelly give an exact leave oneself case on the HRIS system, and provide be the two primary sources of legacy information. Director Yvonne tin can plant teaching requirements with the help of the IT department. The IT department can provide information about the legacy system and the capabilities of the current infrastructure of the business. IT can also judge and approve new requirements, privacy structures, and future remain firm postulate to maintain thesystem.Face-to-face interviews bequeath bring home the bacon information gathering from these key idiosyncratics. Questions, an outline of topics, and a primary agenda go out be provided forrader to maximize the use of available time in hectic schedules. We will also be occasionally meeting to discuss the direction the system is heading, timelines, priorities, and key players lists to ensure success of the project. There is an other primary source of information which inevitably addressing, and this is the group of people who handle information we will be adding which did not exist in the legacy system. This group can submit examples of their files, which will squargon up another part of the scope of the system, and use cases of how that information is gathered. by and by this information has been collected, documented and studied, the system development movement can begin.The system will be projected u tilise the formulate Application Development (JAD) method acting. JAD is a prototyping method which gathers our key players listed above, along with other designated individuals to collectively refine business requirements fleck in conference with the design team of the parcel and the reinforcement team from IT. The JAD puzzle out also includes approaches for enhancing exploiter participation, expediting the development, and improving the quality of specifications. It consists of a workshop where know conductge workers and IT specialists meet, sometimes for some(prenominal)(prenominal) days, to define and review the business requirements for the system. (Joint Application project Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, n.d.) victimisation this prototyping method ensures that each key factors such as project support and misdirection will not be an issue. This also ensures that the project gets the keep support it will need in the future to succeed.SCOPE AND feasiblenessDuring t he Analysis phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), several aras of project feasibility come into play. As discussed above, determining fully the system requirements ensures that you be filling the need of the system. A preliminary study is then conducted to fend for and evaluate the need. A proposal of how the need may be agreeable is then made. (Scope of Feasibility Analysis Bicara Property, n.d.) The necessity of the system, as well as the improvements and requirements of the new system, will all be handled within the JAD move, allowing last(a) project scope and requirements development. These developments can be realizedfinancially to allow final budgetary requirements determination. All of these determinations hinge upon the straight-laced system scope being defined. During this process, the unique considerations ar also shared. In this project, the request was to Create a detailed system design and a project implementation plan required to complete the project.The project should be completed in about six months allowing new system utilization in the second tail end of next year. (Riordan Manufacturing, 2006.) This design process includes checks and balances, giving the project the fullest chance of success. During the inherent process, oversight will be maintained by corporate leadership. final exam acclaim in the beginning entering the next phase of the SLDC allowing equipment purchasing approval from the COO, Hugh McCauley. By following this process, we can ensure this project produces a system which fulfills the requirements, bringing a sophisticated, state-of-the-art, information system to Riordan Manufacturings Human Resources Department. (Riordan Manufacturing, 2006.)During the JAD process, two methods were determined to competent the requirements, building a system in-house utilise political platformmers already on faculty or using off the shelf bundle from a major corporation. To fulfill drug user scrutiny requi rements, a effort version of the BambooHR software was tested by round and management. The BambooHR software fulfills all the requirements with less downtime for the company, saving valuable resources and eliminating the need for more support staff to be hired.The design process for this system began by gathering germane(predicate) entropy for the current system and by building both requirements for the new system and use cases of the current processes in the Human Resources department. After gathering and sorting the new system requirements using the Joint Application Design process, it is now possible to continue to design both the application computer computer architecture and apply the tools of system analysis to describe the information systems.SYSTEM architectureThe node/ master of ceremonies architecture is one of the most prevalent system architectures apply in corporations. With Riordans requirements to allow multiple situations entrance to entropy and to ensure t hat info remains secure, the information will be stored on the host, and access routed through a secondaryapplication server. The application server hosts the applications which access the info, allowing a lower cost local anaesthetic machine, and can allow both intra pelf access and outside access using a VPN (Virtual unavowed Network) connection to create a secure encrypted link amid the client and the server. This style of client/server architecture is referred to as a three-tiered architecture due to the three tiers involved in accessing the information.Although this method may count bulky at first, this will allow many several(predicate) benefits for information security and lower boilersuit cost of the system as requirements are lower for the client computers. The determined requirements for multiple locations to share and modify entropy leaving with Riordan lonesome(prenominal) required to supply the client systems with no extra support necessary for a data ser ver or application server. Eliminating the current architecture on hand will save maintenance, emanation and support cost, both in monetary and staff requirements. The chosen software, Bamboo Human Information Resource System (HRIS) follows the aforesaid(prenominal) requirements recommended in terms of hardware as those designed using system analysis.ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM security measures CONTROLS guarantor is the ability to nurse the information system from disruption and data loss, whether caused by an international act (e.g., a hacker or a terrorist attack) or a random event (e.g., disk failure, tornado.) according to SYSTEMS TEXTBOOK. In modern corporations, internal threats can become much more parlous than foreign threats. To combat both types of threats implementation of the following security protocols will be included in the systemDATAData essential be kept secure and confidential, protected from both internal and external threats at all times. Data encryption and pa sswords will be used in addition to other security features to protect employees. Data stored externally to the server, such as the outsourced benefits data will be reviewed for security procedures and evaluated annually. shortly the data is decentralized, being stored in different offices and by various methods, creating a security problem that the new system can correct. The first strideto addressing this will be to ensure secure storage of all data. Consolidating data allows secure controls on the access each person has to the secured data by both the application used to access the server, and the access controls given them when they log in. This will also allow multiple applications to access the same data, turn leaving greater flexibility to find the best software to fit multiple inevitably. Each user can add, remove, and manipulate only the data they are given access to, no matter the platform the data is being accessed form.PROCESSESSome legacy processes consolidation wil l occur as the data is consolidated, and certain processes would benefit from using third party software thereby gaining security certificates and minimizing the measurement of knowledge and education required for our Information Technologies department. Many of the software suppliers will assist with training, modification and institution do the transition from the legacy system easier on staff.INTERFACESSystem interfaces describe how the system shares information with outside sources such as outsourced data, user requests, and internal data sharing. As attack Detection and Identity Management systems will protect the internal data interfaces, as discussed above, the user interface design process needs to be addressed. As many of the users currently only set about forms built for their information and no system to store them in, Riordan Manufacturing can evaluate different third party solutions for a web-establish system.Using a web-based system, such as Bamboo HRIS allows ap plications to be placed on a remote server, dark the cost of the clients used and saving valuable money and resources. Employees accessing the application server via the intranet will use username/password combinations to decrypt data on their local machine, while access from external sources, including employees at a remote site will use a private key encryption system to decrypt their data. This process minimizes the amount of data stored on the individual clients in case of theft or destruction of client resources.NETWORKThe vane consists of the backbone, data server, application server, firewall, and clients. There are four processes that will be used to protectthe network from unauthorized access carrying into action of Intrusion Detection System This system conducts real-time monitoring of the network, database, traffic, and user access and activity to find possible intrusion or security risks. enter Management Program Almost all software produces logs which store informati on on user access, file management, and data modification to name a few examples. Consolidating these logs into easier to read and construe can help identify emf security risks.Identity Management Systems Control access to resources and data based on the users identification within the system, i.e. the users login credentials. Training for gage Measures The best security system will not function to its highest emf unless staff are prepare in the use of the system. This training includes proper in-processing and out-processing procedures to protect from unauthorized access. Although the Systems Development Life Cycle is a persisting cycle, the final step for this Human Resources Information System project is the Implementation and Operations phase. This is the most expensive and time-consuming phase due to the amount of personnel, resources, and time involved.According to Valacich, George, and Hoffer (2012), there are seven major activities, coding, testing, inductive reason ing, accompaniment, training, support, and maintenance. This document will explore the first six activities, giving a instruct description and the plan for implementation at Riordan Manufacturing of the Bamboo Human Resources Information System. It is master(prenominal) to ensure that each of these activities are adequately defined, as many of them are conducted multiple times during the intent of the system, and some are carried out on a daily basis. Building proper procedures for staff and support personnel to follow ensures that all upgrade or modification testing is well-mannered to the same standards as the original system.CODINGCoding is the process by which designs are transferred into the physical form that is computer software. As the selected system requires no coding, thisaspect will not be planned forTESTING interrogation is an involved process which begins with the first section of code and continues throughout the life of the system. There are several different me thods of testing in use today, some in which the code is run to control operation and output, and some in which a code error review is conducted without operation. The Inspection method involves a physical inspection of the code, checking for syntax, grammar, or other fundamental errors before running the code while ignoring the purpose of the code. The inspection method unremarkably removes the majority of errors found in the program. A Walkthrough allows testing of the code for functionality and to determine if the code fulfills the design requirements identified by the design team. Desk Checking, another form of checking and verifying code involves running the code with paper and pen to determine the logical validity of the code without running any lines of code.The previous methods of testing are focused on catching issues when writing code and may not apply to the code purchased off the shelf, or in modular form to work within an existing system. With the cost of development for code, particularly in smaller companies this may not be a operable option, however even if purchasing prepackaged code, there are tests which should be run to ensure no problems will be found during installation. After the code has been validated by manual means, or for purchased code, it can be processed by a program, such as a compiler, to verify that there are no significant errors by sentence structure Checking. Syntax Checking can also be run automatically each time the program saves a file to identify issues which arise causing the system to need maintenance.Code is generally written in modular form in todays environments, and there are methods of testing which lend themselves well to this. Unit testing is designed to test each individual module or unit to verify operation before the modules are combined together into a system. Testing individual modules may seem to be difficult as many modules share data and information, the itinerary to fix any call errors is by usi ng cigarette Testing. During Stub testing, lines of instructions are inserted in the code to emulate a response from an outside source allowing the program to complete without errors.After testing the modules, they are combined and tested again during Integration testing, using a top-down approach to verifying communications and data sharing logic is sound. The final methodto discuss is System Testing, the act of testing the finalized system, using the same top-down approach from the Integration phase. The software chosen for Riordan Manufacturing to satisfy the needs listed is off-the-shelf giving limited testing requirements. Alpha Testing was conventional during the final steps of the JAD, or Joint Application Design, process and beta testing will commence using key stakeholders in the project once final project approval has been given.INSTALLATIONThe installation process involves transitioning from the legacy system to the new system and can occur in several different approac hes, direct, parallel, single location, and phased. Each installation strategy involves converting not only software but also data and (potentially) hardware, documentation, work methods, clientele descriptions, offices and other facilities, training materials, business forms, and other aspects of the systems (Dennis, Wixom, & Roth, 2012, ). Each of these different installation methods has their positive and negative aspects, and can be combined to fit the needs of the business requirements. The Direct Approach is a cold turkey conclude down of the legacy system with no transition time, which can be dangerous if there are issues with the new system, or if support or training are lacking, however, this can drive the new system as there is no choice but success.In the Parallel installation method, the legacy system is left running allowing a safety net however, this requires support for both systems causing increased cost to the business. A maven Location approach can allow for adj ustments before all sites are brought online, however while the other locations continue to use the legacy system, data must be bridged between the two systems and the same additional costs of the Parallel system are incurred. Finally the Phased approach gradually transitions between the two systems, making transitions easier for the staff, yet limits the newer system to the constraints of the older system as they must share data. For Riordans new HRIS, the direct approach will be combined with the phased approach. Currently only the corporate site is using the legacy system, and phasing the other locations onto the system will allow training in phases by location.DOCUMENTATIONDocumentation of a system comes in several different forms each of utmostimportance. To ensure that the system can be adequately supported and repaired, System documentation is required. To ensure that users properly understand the system, User documentation such as a users guide, release description, system a dministrators guide, reference documentation and user acceptation are required. Systems documentation, users guide and reference documentation for this system is provided by Bamboo HR after purchase of the system is completed, and acceptance sign-off will be completed as the final step of the installation. educationAs systems can only function to the level at which users can operate the system, user training is tantamount to success of an installation. User training can occur in many different forms, classroom led training, literary resources, and online training, all of which are educational tools to heighten productivity and ensure system success. Support staff will also be trained to understand not only how the user accomplishes tasks within the system, but also the how the system performs these tasks if repair or maintenance is to be conducted. Training on the HRIS will be carried out by BambooHR using several different methods for different topics. As the system will be mainta ined by an outside company, the focus for Riordan will be user training.All staff will be trained using online methods with documentation support for using the new system as all pertinent employee information will be handled through the online system to include benefits, vacation time, and training. Specialist training will be available for the following procedures benefit tracking, recruitment, employee and management training, employee tracking, login management, payroll department activities, report management, change requests and performance reviews by BambooHR. In addition, IT support staff will catch refresher training in application program interface to allow for interactivity and continued development of the system as business needs change.SUPPORTSupport of a system is conducted not only on the system itself, in terms of upgrades for the hardware and software, and backups of the data, but also support for the users. With any system, issues occur during use, and an avenue f or users to report these quickly and accurately, and receive assistance for problems is required. Tracking these reported problems canhelp system analysts and support staff determine if there is a fix for the software or hardware, or if more user training can solve the issues. destinationPurchasing the Bamboo HRIS program has both tangible and intangible benefits for Riordan Manufacturing. The financial aspect, $16,512 a year ($8 per employee for 172 regular employees) dwarfs the price of purchasing and installing the required hardware to run an on-site system, while removing the current outsourcing which exists for benefits management. Provided training, customer support, security support, data migration, business report design and security upgrades add to the overall corporate value and dispensing of the legacy system releases it support personnel while lowering utility and maintenance bills. Determinations of the proper level of support staffing inevitable to continue business o perations after the legacy system loneliness will be conducted to eliminate nonessential personnel.REFERENCESCutler, T. P. (2015). Internal vs. external threats digital locksmiths. Retrieved from http//digitallocksmithsinc.com/2013/03/27/internal-vs-external-threats/.VQ5XR-HZBww Riordan Manufacturing (2006). Riordan Intranet. Retrieved March 15, 2015 from http//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/libraries/IT Service Requests.htm University of Phoenix 2005-2009Unified Security Management USM Platform. (2015). Retrieved from https//www.alienvault.com/products?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=CPC&utm_term=%2Balienvault&utm_campaign=SITELINK-ALIENVAULT_USM&gclid=COrosKLUv8QCFRSIfgodGr4AUg Joint application design Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_application_design Bicara, Bedes (2009). Bicara Property. Retrieved January 16, 2010 from http//bicaraproperty.wordpress.com/2009/08/19/scope-of-feasibility-analysis BambooHR Human resou rces software for small and medium businesses. (2015). Retrieved from http//www.bamboohr.com/ Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., & Hoffer, J. A. (2012). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design (5th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Original writing-persuasive writing-DRAFT Essay

Are you aged eight to eighteen and searching for the hottest and latest bouncys? calculate no further. Join cgs system the computer games alliance and we go out certainly fulfil your gaming needs. Be it Nintendo, Xbox or even playstation/2 we inhabit what you want and weve got it. cgs system has been running for a simple 3 geezerhood and has already spread its get alonggs nationwide. With just over 2 gazillion members cgs system is undoubtedly the fastest growing games society ever. We involve completely the experience, the inside and pop k nowadaysledge and indeed the arrives to keep you up to date with whats hot and whats not.Here at CGS we give you what you want, we take in your ideas and criticism and channel it towards giving you what you need. With the number of members we fuck off attained here in the UK we be assured success when we choose to go international. Visit our website at www. cgs. co. uk, we have just latterly refurbished the site so be sure to puni sh and check out the bracing games forum where you prat discuss, debate and argue the latest knows approximately consoles and games. We have a wise games attachment (compliments of macromedia flash player) where you and your mates atomic number 50 battle it out to get the highest score.With over 60 brand raw freehanded online games your sure to be entertained, and if they take int why dont you check out our other batch of brand new downloadable games and no internet broadband system is needed, they can just now be downloaded with the 56. 6kb of your average computer. We also have the latest movie and games downloadables including pictures, backgrounds and wallpapers also for you to enjoy. premise the new chat-rooms where we have a full-proof system of no one creation able to see your details so you are completely protected. CGS was founded in 2001 by a group of young teen game fanatics.They had a large collection of games (300) between the four of them and they, just gi ve care you, managed playing, swapping and talking near games. Wherever they would go they would dispute near what was the coolest game out. They would test out each others games and criticise it. Sometimes they would attach tournaments and invite loads of their mates around. Soon they had their own sub-culture in domesticate like the grungers, nerds, dossers and townies, they were known as the game-boys. More and more people started to bring together their little clan until it grew and they gave their selves a new name, CGS computer games society.They told their parents about the success of their group and they found out they could make a career out of this. Opportunity came their way when one of their parents club were feeling for a new business opportunity. The father pessimistically agreed to postulate the company if they were willing to sponsor CGS, very much to every ones surprise the company agreed. As you can imagine they were over the moon and CGS has been an infra ngible success ever since. The boys, who were at the time sixteen are now nineteen year old young men who are doing what they love and getting paid for it.This is every young game fanatics dream and you can be a part of it. CGS is pave the way for young gamers giving you articles on careers in gaming yes thats what I said, careers in gaming, from games inspector to official games critic. To be a games tester all you need to do is fill out a represent that can be found on the CGS website. Unfortunately you have to be over eighteen to be an official games critic just dont let that demoralise you as in that location is in all probability a lot more game watching than playing entertain now to make your dreams come true.Here at CGS as you can imagine we get a lot of post and telecommunicate on how to make the company better suited for you but lately weve been getting post and email specifically telling us about rumours for the CGS magazine. Well we can definitely tell you that th ose, outrageously, notorious rumours are. TRUE. CGS are most definitely looking forward to publish the first issue of the CGS magazine. The new magazine is fantastically entertain with full graphic screen shots, published reader articles, amazing intelligence on all the latest gossip for the new games and consoles, great new competitions with mind-blowing prizes.Be sure to carry the first ever issue of CGS magazine and enter the competitions so you can be in with a chance of winning one of the three top prizes a fantastic holiday for you, an adult and 3 of your mates to Japan to visit the international centre of Nintendo in Tokyo, or you could win a sideslip to the XBOX party in London where you can test out there newest releases and get a wild goody bag, or you could even win a chance to come to CGS head quarters and interview our CEO and the founders of CGS.You must agree these prizes are undoubtedly cool And you can enter, just simply log on to our website and subscribe to th e new CGS magazine out on the thirteenth of September and with these few gentle steps you could win one of these wicked prizes. 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Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting Experience Essay

I decided to at lam a encounter based start-off (and almost solely) on convenience of the location. So I decided to attend a meet right here in Batavia. The Batavia 12 & 12 at the Holy Trinity Church tear down on 6th & Wood St. They hold get together on Mondays well-nigh 1100am. The main focus is to follow the 12 steps in order and work on them in a more tralatitious fashion. They do take a crap the big book, but follow it more in a step by step focus. However karma decided to base its head and make it a Closed Meeting, meaning that it is non as open to the public to sit on and they only allow members who argon coming with a problem related to alcohol. So at first I was turned away but, I was lucky enough to inhabit a person (local firefighter) who attends the church, and talked the host into letting me sit in on a meeting. So with the awkwardness of getting into the verge out of the way, it was prison term for the meeting. Obviously due to the location itself, it came a s no surprise that the meeting consisted of roughly around 15-20 people, including the person in charge of the meeting and myself. only the chairs were set up like a classroom.I will be h championst the atmosphere of the meeting was actually such(prenominal) more mono-tone than I was lead to believe. Not that an A.A. meeting is always upbeat or get down but, it seems like this was a mix between. Some were drinking their coffee, others just academic session and fiddling with their hands. One military personnel however, seemed to be uncomfort equal to(p) with me. I guessed it was because I was the newcomer to the meeting, and the youngest looking guy in the room. He kept complete(a) at me and glancing at me from his chair at the front. Then the meeting got underway. Everyone started with a sort of, hello and how are you, type of thing. Everyone went around saying their name, how unyielding they have been attending the meetings and, something evoke related to how they have been working on confineing sober. One man briefly talked about how he almost skint his sober strike at a local party, another was a bit worried that with Halloween coming up, how he would be able to stay away from temptation. Most everyone seemed to have a similar type of intro, which in retrospect would explain for the less than stellar atmosphere. Then the gentlemen who had been staring at me spoke up as they were beginning to discuss the step they were before long working on with their group, Step 6 if I recall. He wished to win attention as to why I was not called on to mouth up, and introduce myself like the rest.Although the host attempted to specify, I decided to have a bun in the oven the opportunity to just speak up myself. I explained that I was not here as an alcoholic seeking to get armed service, but that I was a student at the University up the hill. Immediately he asked what occupancy I had attending this closed meeting and I explained why I was here and my Major o f study and the details of the assignment. Everyone else seemed to find the assignment interesting and was ok with my presence one military personnel welcomed me to this enriching experience. However the aforementioned man obviously did not wish to be, as he put it, spied on by a student. (I say student but his wording was a bit ruder) At this point I did not say much more, as everyone else started to try and calm the gentleman down and another pulled him aside, talked to him for a minute, then everyone sat back down and basically continued the meeting at normal. One thing of note, as they began discussing Step 6, one thing that was thrown in by some of the attendees, was the concept that immortal, should be able to help remove not just the defects of character towards oneself, but towards others. To me this meant that one should be able to act nice towards others despite any gestate notions of flaws. At the end of the meeting, as I was walking out, the same gentleman who seemed to have issues with my presence stopped me as I was out the door and pulled me aside.At first I was prepping myself for some sort of tongue lash but, instead was greeted with an apology, and he explained that he was having some issues with his own sobriety, that the hebdomad was just off for him. I told him I understand, wished him luck with his program and went on my merry way. Overall the meeting was what I expected, on the part of how they discussed God and his involvement of the Steps, and the general behavior of most of the group, as I have come to understand it at least. However, I think from this experience I have gained a crucial piece of information that, although I was awake of it, had no real first hand understanding of it People attention fancy from those who are designed to judge them.A simple statement, and in more respects obvious but, what I mean is that people tend to fear judgment from those who should not judge them, and expect criticism and judgment rom thos e who are meant to. Anyone who has succumbed to alcoholism or drug use, knows what to expect from their ready peers, but I was not expecting how much they would, or in the expression of the gentleman I encountered, fear someone who is making a calling of judging them. Thisexperience has helped me better understand why some many in recovery wish for anonymity, or try to get help from people they know, or are quick to stop recovery if they are feeling looked down upon. I can see more all the way now why we as helping professionals must do everything in our power to not put judgment or criticism on those who are in need of help.

Child Rearing Practices

E really nerve of ones life has a distinct effect on his well being. This aspect can possibly be from emotional, environmental, corporeal, to social aspects of life. Family is affiliated and a part of each aspect, hence why the family can never be excluded in everyones life. Looking more into the influences of the smallest unit of the society, thither argon many factors that contribute to the impact brought by this agent that seeks for attention. unmatchable of these factors that affect an individuals personality is the musical mode his p arents raise him up.Parenting in the early years is an exciting but challenging time, it is never an sonant task. Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a nipper aside from the biological relationship, it dwells on how a rise or a guardian in nigh cases brought up a child providing his needs, ensuring safety, disciplining, showing love and affection. Parenting in simple lyric poem is guiding and supporting your child into an outstandin g life until he is nonagenarian and capable enough to do it by himself. How is Parenting Usually Occurs Nowadays in Terms of Disciplinary Strategies?The rapid phase of time is slowly ever-changing the customary and conservative practices of raising a child inside a Filipino family. Base from what the elders often t grey-headed the youngsters, the way of upbringing they had experienced during their childishness into adulthood life was a thousand times fixed equalize to what the generation as of today undergo. Looking back to the time of our grandparents, the way their own parents raise them was too old-fashioned and superstitious. According to some old folks their parents familiarly have set rules that one time a whiz one is broken ordain immediately result to a punishment for them to learn from and remember.An old lady verbalize that in their household her dumbfound used to set a rule that requires every member of the family curiously the children will have to do their de signated chores, and if forgotten or neglected they will receive five to ten times hit on their detention using a very thin stick. Since there is no truth against such action back that time, it was a norm to have rules with appoint punishments in a regular Filipino threshold. At the present day, laws against fierceness are widely implemented rendering people to cause strong-arm perturb or assault.From each respondent of the parenting interview conducted, there are still rules being enforced in every household. Only that these rules are what can be called fundamental or basic rules such as asking permission before leaving, attending to their household task (if they have), the usual sleeping and curfew time for the younger children, prioritizing studies all the time, etc. According to a grandfather whom stands as a guardian to his daughters children, these form of rules have to be enforced to ensure their safety, health, and also as an probability to train the younger children o n following rules.However, when asked to rate themselves on a scale of one to ten of how strict they are towards their children (ten being very strict), majority of the respondents appear to be lax to their children giving five, six and sevensome as the highest rate. They claimed that they dont have to be very strict towards their kids because they already know what the consequences are awaiting for them and simply because adults pose as a good example to them.In relation with the strictness of parents, the rules, and the suitable punishments, parents were asked how they train their children once they commit a mistake or break a rule. A working parent and mother of two teenage boys said that if a mistake was committed, she usually ask them to sit, explain what was wrong of their action, lecturing them why is it inappropriate and should be avoided and last, remind them to never do it again. Majority of the parents said that pinapagalitan sa una at saka pagsasabihan are what they of ten do to handle their childrens misbehaviours and discipline them.While some says that it takes a little threatening of taking away things desire cell phone or reducing allowance for them to think doubly before repeating the same mistake. Spanking Some parents claimed that although they strongly discord of spanking or any other cause of physical pain as a method of discipline, there are times where physical act cannot be avoided because of several reasons. For instance is during times where in the parent worries to much about the safety of his child due to leaving without permission, resulting to relinquish anger through spanking.A widow said that minsan talaga Hindi rin maiiwasan na makasakit ka (e. g. kurot) dahil hindi makontrol ang emosyon mo gaya sa mga panahon na marami kang iniisip o problema tapos nadagdagan pa ng pag-aalala sa anak mo. Although some physical act cannot be avoided sometimes, parents do not recommend this grapheme of disciplinary method and as much as possible match to them should be avoided because it will only bring trauma, fear, and might drive the child into violence.Child- Rearing Practices for Warmth and Nurturance All dimensions of maternal and paternal nurturing and involvement were positively related to positive characteristics of peer relationships, self-esteem and life satisfaction (Rohner, Khalique, & Cournoyer, 2005). by dint of nurturance of parents, children develops a sense of security that enables them to grow up with confidence and which serves as their foundation in life.

Microsoft: An Overview

There be umpteen factors that must be considered when scoping out a social club for a voltage merger or acquisition. I existence the CEO of a major competitive package manufacturing teleph wizardr look for many things. Things such as strategic planning, m startary performance, scientific advances and trade opportunities are just rough of the factors that must be looked at when considering an separate community for acquisition. In this case, Microsoft good deal is our target. I pull up stakes be examining the above-menti onenessd factors before making my finale on whether or not an acquisition will be feasible.Microsoft muckle was founded in 1975 by William H. Gates III. The conjunction, which was inspired by Gates, had a hatful of computers powered by software developed by the company being a way of life. The goal was to integrate computers into peoples habitual awake(p)s. The company started out in Gates garage with primitive engineering science and unlimited a spiration. Today the company has grown to be the worlds number one software developer and manufacturer. The company offers a precise divers(a) line of products ranging from home office enjoymentr applications to high tech subscriber line software.Microsoft develops and manufactures a full line of games, vane publishing, and about importantly, its number one piece of software, Windows 2000 and ever-popular Office 2000. The world basically runs on Microsoft software. The software is shipped with 70% of the worlds computers giving Microsoft a total of over 19 billion dollars in revenues for 1999. Microsoft has recently emerged in the world of Internet service of process Providers (ISPs) to become a competitor of the well- cognize America Online.The Microsoft Ne devilrk (MSN) as it is known offers workrs the same advantages of the leading ISPs while incorporating its own engineering to make the online experience more user friendly and technologically sophisticated than the othe rs. MSN allows users to interface their online work with their regular operating software to allow for easier meshwork publishing, more advanced multimedia presentations, and quicker processing time. There contribute been many issues concerning Microsofts strategies. Many say that the company is totally in the grocery store to take over and monopolize.As a matter of fact, the join States Government is currently in a civil anti-trust case a come alongst the company. prove and criticism has been brought against them in order to try to stop them from monopolizing. In the medieval basketball team years, Microsoft has made over forty acquisitions of companies of all sizes. It findms now that they are doing more investing in companies rather than taking over. Microsoft holds extended investment funds positions in NBC, Nextel Communications, AT&T, NTL Inc. , Qwest Communications and United Pan-Europe Communications. Of course those are only the largest investment positions of 200 million dollars and over.There are many other small investment positions as well. This is just one of the strategies of the company, as a result of all of their investment positions, it allows them to increase their market share by dint of exposure in different markets. some other strategy that Microsoft adheres to is to be the most technologically advanced software developer in the market. Microsoft has always been the leader in technology when it comes to all types of software, whether it is for home user or business.It is said that at heart the next few years, many people will begin to live in smart homes. Microsoft is currently developing technology that will change a computer to run an entire household, without the user being home It is this type of technology that keeps Microsoft ahead of the rest of the contention. This goes devote in hand with the expected $3. 8 billion expected investment in R&D in pecuniary 2000. It is no wonder why the government is trying to brea k up this enormous super power of a company A critical strategy that Microsoft is part of is immense globalization. Microsoft has marketing locations in over 73 countries worldwide.This is a big part of Microsofts strategy because it allows them to gain exposure all over the world, which will see businesses and homes all over the world to become part of the Microsoft network of software. financially Microsoft has always been a top performer. Since the company went public in bump into of 1986, the company has grown to 325% of its original size. In fiscal year 1985, the company had a net income of $24 million, as of fourth quarter 1999 the company had a net income of $7. 7 billion. Total simple eyeholders equity in fiscal 99 was over $28 billion.Numbers like these are not very common in the software developing and manufacturing business. Most of Microsofts revenues come from Licensing Agreements. Licensing Agreements are software agreements that companies enter into with Microsoft for the permission to install and use Microsoft software in their business. When new software is available, the company has a choice to renew their lease agreement of use other software, the latter not being too wise. This brings me to the topics of competition and threats. True there is competition in the world of software, lots of it.The biggest competitor with Microsoft is a company called flushed chapeau. Red Hat manufactures a platform known as Linux. Linux is strictly business application software that is used by large corporations for implementing inventory systems, databases, and the like. Another source of competition comes from a company known as Novell. Novell is known for Novell Netware. This is business application software that is used mainly in financial institutions like banks and brokerage firms. This software is used for logging transactions at banks and brokerage firms, while maintaining an internal network within the company.Red Hat and Novell only occupy abou t forty to fifty percent of the market share combine. integrity should keep in mind that behind these two software platforms is Microsofts NT Server Client software powering the servers that allow the companies to use this software Basically, even thought there is competition, Microsoft still is able to gain a piece of the market share by being one step ahead of its competition. A big issue for Microsoft that is becoming a growing threat to the company is Software Piracy. Software Piracy is move by making embezzled copies of the software and by chance even change it.This is a very common act today with the ease of development a CD burner. In fact, many businesses operate on illegal software, which in turn hurts the revenues of Microsoft. Microsoft is currently working on programs that cannot be copied to ashen disks in order to protect themselves from this threat. Currently, anyone who knows where to get the software from illegal web sites can download them absolutely free. Once this software is downloaded to a catchy drive, it can be written to a CD and then re-written, an blank space number of times from that one CD that was originally used.It is clear to see that this can become quite harmful if not taken condole with of promptly. This is especially done with businesses. However, they do buy one copy of the software from Microsoft and then copy it onto all of the computers in the office, thereby saving themselves large amounts of money. It is a proven statistic that in some companies, there exists over five hundred copies of illegal software that are being used in normal business operation. It is easy to see how this can create a loss for Microsoft, no doubt that this problem will be firm in the future.Another threat to Microsoft as I mentioned before is the on-going Anti-trust case that is currently pending. In this case, the government is trying to break up Microsoft into perhaps a number of smaller companies, which would allow for more compe tition to enter the market. Bill gates sees this as a better prospect to further diversify the line of product that Microsoft delivers. This will actually deed over Microsoft a better chance to scope out different markets and perhaps develop new products for PCs and businesses that will better enable other countries to prosper.As the CEO of my firm, I take in a very involved decision to make. I feel that the wisest decision would be to not acquire Microsoft. Microsoft is a company that is a pioneer of software and is amply established and in order to be able to take them over, my company needs to be able to continue what Microsoft started. My company does not have the type of funds to be able to take over Microsoft, nor do we have the market cap to cover a stock for stock purchase. However, there is one consideration that I may make, that is, to form a joint venture with Microsoft. I feel that this will benefit us both in many ways.First, our technology can be combined in order to make the worlds top software developer and manufacturer that will occupy every sector of the software industry. Our manufacturing plants can be amalgamated and re-structured to cut costs, wile adapting to manufacture the new software line that my company would introduce. Our management team can be re-structured as well so that strategic planning and decision-making will better implement our new ideas and technological advances. Finally, our market share will be greatly increased because of the great power to be exposed to countries that we are not currently involved in.I feel that a combination of our companies would be in all likelihood the most estimable event that could occur in my company. Microsoft has proven itself to be the number one software company in the world together we would be unstoppable. One problem with this joint venture would be the matter with the pending Anti-Trust case, which would probably be further fueled by this joint venture. Whatever the emergenc e of the case, which by the way seems to be nearing a settlement, I feel that the freshly formed company will be the best thing that has happened in software since 1975.

Does True Altruism Exist? Essay

The concept of selflessness has been around for a long cartridge holder and the debate on its existence has been for almost as long in twain philosophical and psychological circles. Altruism has been defined by Batson et al., (1981) the motif that arises within in an individual to help another in distress, from the liking to reduce the others distress. Some have argued that true selflessness does not exist.Those believe that every act of kindness us military man commit has an underlying ulterior motive we help others to help ourselves. This is cognise as egoism, and current theories regarding the existence of altruism tend to be self-absorbed that is, everything we do is directed towards one end-state goal, and that is benefiting ourselves. And benefiting ourselves does not necessarily entail gaining something in return for makeing the act, but merely reducing our ingest individualised distress by cast anothers distress, can be defined as egoistic. Our distress (guilt, shock, fear) was as a leave of seeing another in distress and by helping the other somebody by reducing their distress is not an act of altruism, but egoism, as reducing their distress reduced our own distress.A study was through by Cialdini et al., (1987) which provided a hypothesis supporting the egoistic theory. They performed two experiments in which they came to conclude that helping another in distress was as a result of relieving the personal ruefulness within the observer that arose from the heightened empathy the observer snarl for the sufferer, or else than the selfless act to relieve the sufferer of their distress. In the archetypical experiment conducted, it was found that high-empathy-set subjects did show elevated helping scores, but that they were no longer helpful when they received a sadness-canceling respect.Therefore, it is as a result of personal sadness that led to the motivation to help the sufferer, rather than empathetic concern. In the second experimen t conducted, Cialdini posed the Negative State stand-in model. It was under this model that it wasbelieved that people help others as a repartee to their own egoistic behaviours. Regardless of the high levels of empathy, the subjects helped less when they were made to see their personal sadness as fixed. Thus, they concluded that it seemed to be personal sadness that led to the subjects helping, despite the high levels of empathy.However, there have been other theories in support of the existence of altruism. The Empathy-Altruism hypothesis predicts that empathy leads to altruism. And in a study conducted by Batson et al., (1981), when a young woman received electric shocks and then liberal the subjects a chance to help her by taking her place, the researchers predicted that if empathy led to unselfish acts that the subjects would help the victim regardless if the chance to escape without helping is simple or difficult. And the results following both experiments supported the h ypothesis that empathy leads to altruistic acts rather than egoistic. However, in the second experiment, when the conditions for escaping were difficult without helping, a low empathic solvent led to helping. This concludes that when subjects are being forced to help a sufferer, they leave behind help, but only to escape the situation, and this is egoistically motivated behavior.By taking both of these articles and experiments into account, and regarding the theories posed by each, I have favoured the argument that true altruism cannot exist in the normal parameters of human psychology because by temperament we are designed to ensure our own continued existence and forget therefore perform acts and behaviours that will promote our survival, and avoid performing certain(a) behaviours if we feel that it might cause us harm. For true altruism to exist, you would aim to be able to place everyone elses wellbeing before your own and receive nothing from it. Certain forms of these ca n be seen in actions we perform for our loved ones. But it is even in these deeds that we receive praise, reward and even heightened sensations of self-motivation, which then causes the actions to be egoistically motivated. Therefore its not tout ensemble selfless, the pleasure rewarded from the action can be seen as a satisfactory motivation to be selfless.

Florence Nightingale Essay

The Polar celestial orbit draws of Florence nightingaleIf you read the article on Florence nightingale in The Childrens Book of Famous Lives1 you will not learn that she had to dispute with her parents to be alto involveherowed to study maths. If you read the Ladybird book Florence Nightingale2 you will not disc over that she was the prototypal woman to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. In look around for an study of enquiry I was intrigued to discover that Florence Nightingale, who I everlastingly thought of as the lady with the lamp, was a competent Mathematician who fabricated her own fictitious char biteer of statistical plot which she used to save thousands of soldiers from needless finis. Florence Nightingale headed a group of 38 nurses who went to clean up the hospitals for the British soldiers in the Crimea in 1854. She found that most of the deaths were call adapted to diseases which could be prevented by grassroots hygiene, such(prenomi nal) as typhus and cholera. Her improve manpowerts were simple but they had an enormous effect She and her nurses washed and bathed the soldiers, launde blushing(a) their linens, gave them clean beds to lie in, and fed them3.When she returned to Britain she make a detailed field of study to the Government setting out what conditions were like and what needed to be make to reduce deaths in the hospitals. Noaffair was d peerless, so she tried again, making near opposite statistical report and included in it leash new statistical plats to make entropy collated by William Farr more accessible to people who could not get their minds around skirts of figures. These were her gelid battleground plats or come down up plats, some(prenominal)times also jazzn as coxcombs. The early ri overheard how m each men had died over the two days 1854-5, the second pointed what proportions of men had died from wounds in battle, from disease and from former(a)(a) causes, the third ma noeuvered how the winnings of deaths had decreased once sanitary improvements4 had been introduced. I decided I would deform to recreate the second of these diagrams which is the most multiform and the most shocking. It is called Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the easternmost. A copy of it is below math SL and HL t for each oneer put up material1Example 6 scholar blend cypher 1The basic ideas are truly simple. The vipers bugloss sports stadium repre moves deaths due to disease, the red knowledge domain represents death due to wounds in battle and the macabre area represents death due to other causes. I tried to induce a copy of the entropy which this diagram represented, but I had no luck, so I decided to make sure I understood exactly how the diagram was made and to make my own version of some data which I did project to hand. Once I tried to take the diagram in detail I found in that respect were some tasks. The First ProblemI wasnt sure w hether the black area in a shape such as this was supposed to bethis areaor this areamathematics SL and HL instructor entertain material2Example 6 educatee pop offIn other lecture, were the saturations separate, or lapping? The articles I read didnt make it clear. OConnor says that The area of each coloured mash, measured from the mall as a greenness point, is in proportion to the statistic it represents5, which makes it seem that all color are wedged shaped, or sectors, so the colours intersection. However, Lienhard commented that in the November 1854 section battle deaths take up a very teensy-weensy portion of each slice6, which makes it sound as though the slice has three separate portions, and Brasseur says that she also divided the areas within each of the wedges to show which portion of the mortality data for that month could be allotted to each cause of death4.I decided to construct polar area diagrams for a set of data with the colours separate and with the c olours overlapping to see if putting theory into practice would make it clearer to me. The data I used was interpreted from the IB gradation distribution statistics for the past 15 years at my own institution. I used the total fetching high Mathematics, tired Mathematics and numerical Studies to be represented by my three colours. I took the old Mathematical Methods course to be the same as Standard Mathematics. To fit 15 sectors into the circle I needed each arc to subtend an angle of 2 radians at 151 2 the centre. The area of each sector would then be A = r 2 = 2 where r is the r 2 15 15 radius of the sector. Since the area needs to be proportional to the statistic, I needed to 15A and just used a scale which would allow me to leader find the radius, so I used r =a valid sized diagram. To create a polar area diagram with overlapping sectors I just used this ruler on each of the amount of students winning the various options. bes taking Mathematics year on year Numbers (A) higher(prenominal) Studies Standard 1995 1 24 0 1996 4 15 0 1997 8 10 0 1998 6 31 0 1999 9 17 0 2000 10 20 0 2001 4 31 1 2002 5 21 2 2003 4 15 4 2004 5 29 5 2005 1 28 0 2006 3 16 2 2007 8 13 0 2008 11 29 14 2009 10 23 15 Radius ( r ) Higher Studies Standard 2.2 10.7 0.0 4.4 8.5 0.0 6.2 6.9 0.0 5.4 12.2 0.0 6.6 9.0 0.0 6.9 9.8 0.0 4.4 12.2 2.2 4.9 10.0 3.1 4.4 8.5 4.4 4.9 11.8 4.9 2.2 11.6 0.0 3.8 8.7 3.1 6.2 7.9 0.0 7.2 11.8 8.2 6.9 10.5 8.5Mathematics SL and HL instructor complement material3Example 6 Student subject fieldI then used a geometric program (GeoGebra) to reach the sectors all with a common 2 centre, each with an angle of radians, and with the radii as given in the table. I drew 15 the Higher sectors starting time with the Studies on top of these, and the Standard on top of these. This was the result exercise 2 Polar area diagram to show students taking Mathematics at one school (colours overlapping) zesty represents the get of students taking Higher Maths. Brown represents the number of students taking Mathematical Studies. dark-green represents the number of students taking Standard Maths.The colours are not solid, so where colours overlap thither is a unlike colour. The pitiful overlapping the brown makes a pink here, and the green overlapping the savoury makes a darker green. In 2003 and in 2004 there were an equal number of students taking Higher and Standard so three separate colours potnot be seen on the diagram. Next I worked out the radii needed if the colours were not to overlap. For this I used accumulative areas to work out the radii. R1 = R3 = 15 ( A1 + A2 + A3) 15 A1 15 ( A1 + A2 ), R2 =and.Radii R2 10.9 9.5 9.3 13.3 11.1 12.0 12.9 11.1 9.5 12.7 11.8 9.5 10.0 13.8 12.6Numbers taking Mathematics year on year Numbers (A) Higher (A1) Studies (A2) Standard (A3) 1995 1 24 0 1996 4 15 0 1997 8 10 0 1998 6 31 0 1999 9 17 0 2000 10 20 0 2001 4 31 1 2002 5 21 2 2003 4 15 4 2004 5 29 5 2005 1 28 02006 3 16 2 2007 8 13 0 2008 11 29 14 2009 10 23 15R12.2 4.4 6.2 5.4 6.6 6.9 4.4 4.9 4.4 4.9 2.2 3.8 6.2 7.2 6.9R3 10.9 9.5 9.3 13.3 11.1 12.0 13.1 11.6 10.5 13.6 11.8 10.0 10.0 16.1 15.1Mathematics SL and HL instructor stomach material4Example 6 Student workThis gave a diagram with Higher numbers at the centre and Standard numbers at the edge, like thisFigure 3 Polar area diagram to show students taking Mathematics at one school (colours separate)Blue represents the number of students taking Higher Maths. Brown represents the number of students taking Mathematical Studies. Green represents the number of students taking Standard Maths.This diagram is incomplete in that it has not got the dates on it, but I was interested in the basic shape it would make rather than seeing it as a immaculate article to represent the data. I decided to do the same thing but with Studies in the middle and Higher at the edge to see how different it would look.Figure 4 Polar area diagram to show students taking Mathematics at one s chool (colours separate)Blue represents the number of students taking Higher Maths. Brown represents the number of students taking Mathematical Studies. Green represents the number of students taking Standard Maths.This feels very different. The blue section positively looks less significant, to my eye, being put at the edges. This made me think of something else I had read in Brasseurs article, Nightingale arranged these colored areas so that the main cause of death (and the largest sections)deaths by diseasewould be at the end of the wedges and would be more easily noticed.4 I am sure that Brasseur thought that the colours were separate, and not overlapped. However, comparing my diagrams to Nightingales original in Figure 1, IMathematics SL and HL teacher support material5Example 6 Student workbecame sure that she did mean them to be overlapped. I noticed that in the lefthand rose in figure 1 (representing the second year) there is a wedge with blue at the edge followed by a we dge with blue at the edge Figure 5 A zoom in of part of figure 1This can happen in a diagram like my figure 2 of overlapping colours, but would be impossible if the colours are separate as in figures 3 and 4. From this I deduced that the colours on the diagram must be overlapping. The snatch Problem My diagrams were unlike Nightingales ones in that the total area of the sectors in figure 2 represented the total number of students taking the IB at this school over the 15 years. Nightingales statistics were judge of mortality. Basically they can be thought of as partings of soldiers who died, but, as before, when I read through the articles again, I was unsure what they were percentages of. lamella and Gill reach table (Table 2) in their article with headings No. of soldiers admitted to the hospital and No. (%) of soldiers who died3.This powerfulness suggest that Nightingale was working with percentages of soldiers who were admitted into hospital. Lewi is more definite and refers to the actual statistic of one wedge of the third of Nightingales polar area diagrams as follows The mortality during the first period was 192 per 1,000 hospitalized soldiers (on a yearly basis)9. However, Brasseur refers to the statistic in a wedge of Nightingales first diagram as being the ratio of mortality for every(prenominal) 1,000 soldiers per annum in the field4, in other words a percentage of the army actually on duty. I decided to create a polar area diagram to act as an analogy to the possible situations as follows Nightingales data My data Number of soldiers in the army in a month Number of students taking the IB in a year Number of soldiers taken to hospital Number of students taking Maths Studies Number of soldiers decease of wounds Number of students gaining stigma 7 Number of soldiers dying of disease Number of students gaining grade 6 Number of soldiers dying for other reasons Number of students gaining grade 5My analogy of drawing a diagram showing the numbers o f soldiers dying as a percentage of those admitted to hospital would then be the number of students gaining a grade above 4 as a percentage of those taking Mathematical Studies. I decided to do this one by hand, partly to prove I could, and partly to see if it would throw any extra light on the construction of the diagrams.Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material6Example 6 Student workI gathered the data, found the percentages and used the percentages as A in the usual 15A to find the radii needed to construct the diagram. The data is here formula r =Numbers gaining top three grades in Mathematical Studies As percentage of those taking Studies Radius required for each Taking numerate Grade 7 Grade 6 Grade 5 Studies in year % grade 7 % grade 6 % grade 5 R7 R6 R5 1995 7 10 4 24 25 29.16667 41.66667 16.66667 11.80 14.10 8.92 1996 2 9 3 15 19 13.3333360.00000 20.00000 7.98 16.93 9.77 1997 1 4 2 10 18 10.00000 40.00000 20.00000 6.91 13.82 9.77 1998 5 12 11 31 37 16.12903 38.70968 35.48387 8.78 13.60 13.02 1999 2 6 7 17 26 11.76471 35.29412 41.17647 7.49 12.98 14.02 2000 3 4 7 20 30 15.00000 20.00000 35.00000 8.46 9.77 12.93 2001 3 8 8 31 36 9.67742 25.80645 25.80645 6.80 11.10 11.10 2002 1 8 4 21 28 4.76190 38.09524 19.04762 4.77 13.49 9.54 2003 0 1 8 15 23 0.00000 6.66667 53.33333 0.00 5.64 15.96 2004 3 9 7 29 34 10.34483 31.03448 24.13793 7.03 12.17 10.74 2005 1 11 9 28 29 3.57143 39.28571 32.14286 4.13 13.70 12.39 2006 2 4 5 16 21 12.50000 25.00000 31.25000 7.73 10.93 12.22 2007 1 8 3 13 22 7.69231 61.53846 23.07692 6.06 17.14 10.50 2008 0 3 17 29 54 0.00000 10.34483 58.62069 0.00 7.03 16.73 2009 0 5 5 23 48 0.00000 21.73913 21.73913 0.00 10.19 10.19And the diagram came out like thisFigure 6 Polar area diagram to show percentages of students taking Mathematical Studies who gained grades above 4Red represents the number of students gaining grade 7. Blue represents the number of students gaining grade 6. Green represents the number of students gaining grade 5. The imperial areas represent coinciding numbers of students gaining grade 5 and 6.Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material7Example 6 Student workOne thing which I learnt from this exercise is that you accommodate to be very careful to the highest degree your scale and think through every move before you start if you dont want to fade off the edge of the paper It is a far more distort experience drawing a diagram by hand because you know that one slip will make the whole diagram flawed. A computer slip can be corrected before you target out the result. My admiration for Florence Nightingales draftsmanship was heightened by doing this. The other thing which drawing by hand brought out was that, if you draw the arcs in in the appropriate colours, the colouring of the sectors sorts itself out. You colour from the arc inwards until you come to another arc or the centre. The only problem came when two arcs of different colours came in exactly the same place. I got around t his problem by colouring these areas in a totally different colour and saying so at the side. At this point in my look into someone suggested some more possible websites to me, and following these up I found a copy of Nightingales second diagram which was clear enough for me to read her notes, and a copy of the original data she used.The first of these was in a letter by Henry Woodbury suggesting that Nightingale got her calculations wrong and the radii represented the statistics rather than the area.7 The letter had a comment stick on by Ian diddle which led me to an article by him8 giving the data for the second diagram and explaining how it was created. The very clear reproduction of Nightingales second diagram in Woodburys letter7 shows that Miss Nightingale wrote beside it The areas of the blue, red and black wedges are each measured from the centre as the common vertex.This makes it quite clear that the colours are overlapped and so solves my first problem. She also wrote I n October 1854 & April 1855 the black area coincides with the red. She coloured the first of these in red and the second in black, but just commented on it beside the diagram to make it clear. The article by hornswoggle8 was a joy to read, although I could only work out the mathematical equations, which were written out in a way which is strange to me ( for standard $$ extArea of sector B = fracpi r_B23=3$$8 ) because I already knew what they were (The example had a sector B in a diagram which I could see had 1 2 2 2 = = areaB rB rB ). The two things I found exciting from this article were the 2 3 3 table of data which Nightingale used to create the second diagram, and an explanation of what rates of mortality she used.She described these as follows The ratios of deaths and admissions to campaign per megabyte per annum are calculated from the monthly ratios given in Dr. smiths Table B4 and I had not been able to fancy the meaning of this from the other articles. (Brasseur add s that Dr. Smith was the late director-general of the army.4). Using Shorts article I was able to work out what it meant. I will use an example of data taken from the table in Shorts article, which is in turn taken from A share to the sanitary history of the British army during the late war with Russia by Florence Nightingale of 18598. In February 1855 the average size of the army was 30919. Of these 2120 died of zymotic diseases, 42 died of wounds & injuries and 361 died of all other causes. This gives a total of 2120 + 42 + 361 = deaths. 2523 2523Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material8Example 6 Student work2523 81.6003 men died per 1000 men in the army in 1000 = 30919 that month. If the size of the army had stayed at 30919, with no more men being shipped in or out, and the death rate had continued at 81.6 deaths per 1000 men per month over 12 months, the number of deaths per annum would defy been 81.6003 12 = 979.2 per 1000 men in the army. In other words 979.2 deaths pe r 1000 per annum. out of 30919 means thatThis understanding of the units used allowed me to finally understand why OConnor says of the death rate in January 1855, if this rate had continued, and military man had not been replaced frequently, then disease alone would invite killed the entire British army in the Crimea.5 The number of deaths due to disease in January 1855 was 2761 and the 2761 average size of the army was 32393. This gives a rate of 1022.8 1000 12 = 32393 deaths from disease per 1000 per annum.Another way of looking at it is that if 2761 had dies each month from disease, 276112 = 33132 would have died in 12 months, but there were only 32393 in the army As an aside, I noticed that OConnor quoted the mortality rate for January 1855 as 1,023 per 10,000 being from zymotic diseases5. Another example that we should not trust everything we see in print. Having sorted this out I was ready to attempt my recreation of figure 1. I decided to do the right hand rose only, coveri ng April 1854 to inch 1855. The following table shows the data taken from Shorts article in blue and my calculations in blackAverage Wounds size of Zymotic & Z/S*1000*12 Radius W/S*1000*12 Radius O/S*1000*12 Radius (Az) (Aw) (Ao) for army diseases injuries Other for for Month (S) (Z) (W) (O) (1 d.p.) Zymtotic (1 d.p.) Wounds (1 d.p.) Other Apr-54 8571 1 0 5 1.4 2.3 0.0 0.0 7.0 5.2 May-54 23333 12 0 9 6.2 4.9 0.0 0.0 4.6 4.2 Jun-54 28333 11 0 6 4.7 4.2 0.0 0.0 2.5 3.1 Jul-54 28722 359 0 23 150.0 23.9 0.0 0.0 9.6 6.1 Aug-54 30246 828 1 30 328.5 35.4 0.4 1.2 11.9 6.7 Sep-54 30290 788 81 70 312.2 34.5 32.1 11.1 27.7 10.3 Oct-54 30643 503 132 128 197.0 27.4 51.7 14.1 50.1 13.8 Nov-54 29736 844 287 106 340.6 36.1 115.8 21.0 42.8 12.8 Dec-54 32779 1725 114 131 631.5 49.1 41.7 12.6 48.0 13.5 Jan-55 32393 2761 83 324 1022.8 62.5 30.7 10.8 120.0 21.4 Feb-55 30919 2120 42 361 822.8 56.1 16.3 7.9 140.1 23.1 Mar-55 30107 1205 32 172 480.3 42.8 12.8 7.0 68.6 16.2Az is the death rate per 1000 per annum from disease, Aw is the death rate per 1000 per annum from wounds and Ao is the death rate per 1000 per annum from other causes. For 2 this diagram there are 12 divisions so each sector has an angle of = and an area of 12 6 12A 1 2 2 . r = r . So for each radius r = 26 12Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material9Example 6 Student workI will show my final polar area diagram side by side with Nightingales original versionFigure 7. Nightingales original Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the east and my recreation. I have to admit that I felt rather proud once I had done this However, looking at the September 1854 wedge I make that the two diagrams didnt correspond. In Nightingales original diagram I can see that there are more deaths from other causes than from wounds. In my version there are fewer deaths from other causes than fromwounds. wholly other versions of the original in other articles I looked at ( Gill and Gill3, Brasseur4, OConnor5, Woodbury 7, Riddle10, Small11, Lienhard6) are as the original, but the table in Short definitely shows fewer deaths from other causes than from wounds8. Conclusion I started out to try to lean how to recreate the polar area diagram which Florence Nightingale made to communicate to other people just how bad the situation was in army hospitals. This diagram shouts a need for reform. Look at it.The blue represents deaths which could be avoided with a bit of organisation and care. The red represents deaths due to the actual battles. Florence Nightingale had copies of her report containing her diagrams published at her own expense and sent them to doctors, army officers, members of parliament and the Queen. Following her persistent lobbying a commission was set up to improve military barracks and hospitals, sanitary codes were established and procedures were put in place for more organised collection of medical statistics4. It is a very shocking picture with a huge snowball of social revision be hind it. It has been an exciting adventure to drill down to a significant understanding of its construction.Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material10Example 6 Student workHowever, the biggest lesson I have learnt from this research is that you cant trust what you read. As I have argued in the main text, I am moderately sure that Brasseur thought the colours of the second diagram did not overlap4, I think OConnor got his death rates wrong for January 18555, and I think Short may have transcribed the data incorrectly for September 18548. According to Brasseur, Florence Nightingale sucker checked her data and was systematic about addressing objections to her analysis4. Everyone can make mistakes, and errors can propagate if we just quote what someone else says without looking for corroboration. I have been left with a desire to find out more about this tenacious woman who wouldnt let society mould her into a genteel wife. Also, if I ever get the chance, I would like to get a l ook at one of the 2000 copies of Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Effiency and hospital Administration of the British Army. Founded Chiefly on the Experience of the Late struggle which Florence Nightingale had published in 1858, to see the actual table of data and check the numbers for September 1854.Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material11Example 6 Student workReferences/Bibliography1.Duthie, Eric ed. The Childrens Book of Famous Lives.Odhams Press Ltd, London 1957 2. Du Garde Peach, L. Florence Nightingale. Wills & Hepworth Ltd, Loughborough, 1959 3. Gill, Christopher J. and Gill, Gillian C. Nightingale in Scutari Her bequest Reexamined Center for Internatinal Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, viewed twenty-sixth July 2009 4. Brasseur, Lee, Florence Nightingales Visual Rhetoric in the Rose Diagrams. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(2), 161-182, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 2005, viewed twenty-sixth July 2009 5. OCon nor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F., Florence Nightingale. viewed 26 July 2009 6. Lienhard, John H., Nightingales Graph, The Engines of Our Ingenuity. 2002 viewed 26th July 2009 7. Woodbury, Henry, Nightingales Rose. American Physical SocietyLaunches Dynamic Diagrams Redesign of Physical polish Letters, January 9, 2008, 405 pm, filed under Information Design, Visual Explanation Viewed 30 July 2009 8. Short, Ian, Mathematics of the Coxcombs. November 5th, 2008 viewed 30th July 2009 9. Lewi, Paul J. Florence Nightingale and Polar Area Diagrams, Speaking of Graphics. 2006 www.datascope.be/sog/SOG-Chapter5.pdf viewed 26th July 2009 10. Riddle, Larry, Polar-Area Diagram. 2006 , viewed 26th July 2009 11. Small, Hugh, Florence Nightingales statistical diagrams. Presentation to Research convention organized by the Florence Nightingale Museum St. Thomass Hospital, 18th March 1998 viewed 26th July 2009Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material

Ib Physics Chapter 3 Notes

I did non understand how to let off why temperature does not change during a phase change and am not entirely sure if I have accurately or thoroughly described 3. 2. 3 and 3. 2. 4. This is also the case for 3. 2. 12 thermic Physics Thermal Concepts Temperature (T) is a measure of how hot or shivery an object is, and it is the temperature that determines the determines the direction of thermal might transfer between both objects. It is a scalar quantity and is measure in degrees celcius (C ) or kelvin (K). 0 C is equal to -273K.Kelvin is based on the properties of a gas. Thermal energy is the receiving of energy from a hot automobile trunk by a cold body when placed next to from each one other. native energy of a substance is the total potential energy and hit-or-miss kinetic energy of the subatomic particles of the substance. It is where whits in a body gain energy intern eachy and argon able to be course faster ( make up KE) and move apart (increased PE) from work being guessed upon it. Moles A mole of whatever worldly contains 6. 022? 1023 atoms or molecules. This is also known as Avogadros constant. However, all moles dont have the same mass due to the contrary types of particles which have different mass Thermal Properties of Matter precise Heat Capacity (C) of a literal is the tot of catch fire needful to raise the temperature of 1kg of the material by 1C. It is metric in J ? C / kg. It is expressed by the equation c = Q/ m? T where m is mass, Q is the quantity of take fire and ? T is the change in temperature. Thermal Capacity (c) of a material is the join of heating dodge needed to raise the temperature by 1C.It is measured in J / C . It is expressed by the equation C = Q/ ? T where Q is the quantity of heat added and ? T is the amount of increase in temperature of a body. The physical difference between liquids, solids and gaseous phases in scathe of molecular structure and particle motion involve atoms having KE and having strong attracter to each other when solid and having both KE and PE with less attraction and more means to move around when liquid with even more PE and increased potential to move around when gaseous.Evaporation is the change of state of matter from a gas to liquid, whereas boiling is the change of state from liquid to a gas. Specific Latent Heat (L) of a material is the amount of heat required to change the state of 1kg of the material with forth change in temperature. It is measured in J / kg. It is expressed by the equation L = Q/m where Q is the amount of energy and m is the mass. Kinetic Model of an Ideal Gas force per unit ara = force/area The assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas are The Molecules are perfectly elastic The Molecules are spheres The Molecules are identical in that respect is no force between the molecules (excepting collision) with constant velocity between collisions. The molecules are very small Temperature is hence a measure of the ave rage random kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas as the speed of particles increase as the temperature rises. Thermodynamics Thermodynamics relates to a thermodynamic system this is a collection of bodies that canful do work on and exchange heat between each other. These laws apply to all systems. K is absolute zero temperature, where molecules do not move The equation of state for an ideal gas PV = nRT where n is the issuance of moles and R is the molar gas constant. A actually gas molecule has a shape and a finite size, whereas an ideal gas molecule (imaginary) is a point with no shape and it occupies no space. A real gas molecule interacts with others. An ideal gas molecule reacts totally self-reliant of all others. There are no ideal gas molecules, solitary(prenominal) real gas molecules. However, as pressure decreases and the temperature increases, real gas molecules act more like ideal gas molecules.Thermodynamic Processes The expression for the work touch on in a garishness change of a gas at constant pressure P? V where P is pressure and V is volume According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed. Hence, the first law of thermodynamics basically states that as a gas expands and gets hot, heat must have been added Q = ? U + W where ? U is the increase in internal energy, W is the work done by the gas and Q is the amount of heat added to a gas. Examples of changes of state of an ideal gas Isobaric (Constant pressure contraction) Isochoric/Isovolumetric (Constant volume increase in temperature) Isothermal expansion Adiabatic contraction The insurgent Law of Thermodynamics The second law states that it is not possible to convert heat completely into work, implying that thermal energy cannot spontaneously transfer from a component part of low temperature to a region of high temperature. Hence, it is about the spreading out of energy. Entropy Entropy is used to quantify this second law. Entropy is expressed by the equation ?S = Q/T where ? S is change in entropy and Q/T is the quantity of heat flow into a body at a certain temperature. It is measured in J/ K The second law in terms of entropy changes states that in any thermodynamic process the total entropy always increases Even though locally entropy whitethorn decrease, the total entropy of a system will always increase. i. e. the stock in a fridge may get colder and the molecules become more ordered, with entropy in the fridge fall however the total entropy of the room will increase and the room will gain heat.

Leaders Who Changed Society Essay

All around the world, leaders and philosophers have changed nations and regions with their ideas and looks. twain of these people were John Locke and Mohandas Gandhi. John Locke believed the either person had natural sounds, which were the right to life, liberty, and property and these rights could never be taken away. Mohandas Gandhi believed that violence was no the dish to problems, but peaceful protesting was, and so he was able to bring freedom to India. Heir doctrines have changed societies for the better.John Locke was natural(p) on August 29, 1632 in Wrington, Somerset, England. He was an English philosopher who unlike other philosophers had a more verificatory view of human nature. He believed that whole humans have the capableness to do good in ordering. One belief that Locke had that has shaped society was his belief of natural rights. He believed that all humans are born free and equal, with three natural rights, the right to live, liberty, and the right to o wn property. This belief has shaped the governments everywhere.Societies with a democracy follow these laws and they are given to every individual and it cant be taken way. Places like the coupled States follows natural rights and it is given to everyone. Another person whose ideas changed society was Mohandas Gandhi. He was born on October 2, 1869. He was a political and spiritual leader during the consummation for Indias independence. He believed in non-violence and believed that every person was equal, regardless of race, ethnicity, or background and they should all be treated the same way.Before approach shot to India to protest against British rule, he was a lawyer in southeastward Africa. When he returned to India in 1914, he protested British rule. Gandhi didnt use bestial force, but peaceful protests against the British. He got arrested many times for this. One of his near famous acts of defiance was the Salt March on March 12, 1930. Gandhi and the ladened stopped buy ing British goods. One of these goods was salt. What they did was go to the ocean and seize their own salt to defy the British.The British violently reacted and attacked them. This caused outrage all over the world and British goods were neglected by everyone. This forced the British to give India their independence. These two people have changed societies with their beliefs. John Lockes belief of natural rights shaped governments. Mohandas Gandhis belief of non-violence led to the independence of India. They some(prenominal) helped change society for the better.

Comment on the title of waiting for Godot

autonomic nervous system The drama Waiting for Godot was first performed in France and the original title is En Attendant Godot. Samuel Becketts play transformed post-World War II theater by introducing a play in which secret code cohesive happens, unless two superannuated men sitting and talking while two different onetime(a) men pay disruptive and disturbing visits cohesive. This was the introduction of what came to be competently called Theater of the Absurd.In french the en attendant is from the transitive infinitive verb form attendre heart and soul to wait. Secondary imports of attendre are to expect and to await. Defining attendre gives a broader understanding to the meaning of the original title that was translated to English as simply Waiting for Godot. To French speakers, En Attendant Godot would register as a Shakespearean-style word play in which a primary meaning suggests other deeper meanings.In this instance, to expect someone is more fraught with meaning tha n merely to wait for someone the originator imbues the h disused with the emotional import of expectation, whereas the latter ismerely waiting maybe in that respect is a task to perform maybe you were just asked to wait with no particular attachment involved, etc. In addition, to await also conveys a sense of immediacy and anticipation, a feeling that something is imminently in store. These problematic meanings underlying the word play associated with en attendant is wholly wanting in the flat waiting of the English translation.On the one hand, waiting may add to the absurdity of the play being as it is a mere(a) straightforward word that, in the context of the play, leads to nothing. But on the other hand, waiting strips the play of some of the most poignant absurdist elements. When the act of waiting calls up expectation or anticipation of something imminently in store, the old men sitting and talking about misery and suicidal thoughts carries a heavier and more absurd meani ng when all they meet with is the admonition that nothing is coming and they are to wait some more.

How firmly was the Tsar in control of Russia before 1905? Essay

Russia was an Autocracy before 1905 and the tsar was Nicholas 2nd. M any heap dispute all over whether he was in say-so or not, the main factors being The czars loss leadership, Opposition to the tsar, Social and stinting conditions and finally means of potency. It advise be argued that some factors ar to a greater extent important than others, tho they argon all significant in how I moot the tsar was losing assure.The tsars flaws as a leader were an extremely important terra firma as to why he was losing bidding of his country. Russia was an autocracy- this meant that the Tsar had full image of the country and had the final say in every decision. This could save been positive, exactly I think it was a negative thing. He was not a very decisive person, and he would not delegate to others (An example of this being, how he interfered in the appointments of local midwives.) While he was busy doing the wrong jobs he needed employees that were capable of the outper form. Another flaw of Nicholas was that he was extremely singular of those cleverer than him and fired many of his best workers (Count Witte) and preferred to hire however family and fri finiss. This helped to snap off his control on Russia because not only did he lose find from his nation, but also he was not doing his job and as the only ruler of the country, Russia did not brook a focused authority figure.The Tsar had a lot of opponents within Russia and he did not circularise with them to the best of his abilities. This meant he was not firmly in control of Russia at all. The 4 main opposing crowds were The Liberals (Cadets), The Social Revolutionaries (SRs) and The Social Democratic Party (Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks) Although the unalike groups were all angry at distinct things, the one thing they had in common was that they were all unhappy about Russias Social and Economic Situation. In my opinion the Bolsheviks were the most dangerous group towards Tsar and the administration, followed by the SRs then the Mensheviks finally the Liberals. Even though the Liberals had the most yielders, they were a tranquil group they were not doing any damage to Russia. The Tsar did not believe they were a threat so chose to ignore them.However with the Bolsheviks they had a vast following (the working class.) Their approach to change was violence as was the SRs. The SRs managed to thwart close enough to the government to kill 2 of their officials. The Tsar reportt with the Bolsheviks and the SRs by killing them or exiling them. By exiling them he showed a lot of incompleteness with how he dealt with these groups .All he did was send them away this did not stop them from culmination back Siberia is in the east of the country (the opposite side as to where the Tsar was), but it is also a desert. This meant that the populate the Tsar exi direct became mulish towards him, as they had to live in a desert. An advantage to being exiled was that it was in the middle of nowhere.The organisations could discuss ideas and produce plans of future rebellions without the Tsar knowing what was departure on. By not knowing this he woolly an element of control because he did not know what his most violent organisations were doing. Every group in the Feudal system (except the aristocrats) had an organisation to rival the Tsar. This was bad because that meant at the very least only 1.5% of the population (aristocrats) were in full support of him. By not having the full support of his people the Tsar illogical a lot of control because as a leader your people need to reward you but also have faith that you go out do the right wing thing for the country in general (not solely a specific group.)The monarchy was mostly do up of aristocrats, so was the government and army officials. By having only aristocrats in important positions the Tsar was not being fair, the 80% of the population that were peasants had a lot of reasons to despise the Tsa r. This tho allowed his control on Russia to loosen, it lost him support of people and the public started to see that the Tsar was not the leader they needed to help them receive a better way of living.They needed someone that was not desperate for the military unit and someone who could hold control. Finally the fact the organizations even existed meant that he had lost some control already. If people respected him they would no t have started oppositions and formed plans. The groups all had plans. Whether they would work or not was a different issue. His weak leadership meant that he would not let anyone help him, he had resorted to last attempts by exiling people and had become desperate this shows how out of control he was and he knew it, because no one helped him he did not have a well idea out plan as to how to deal with the groups.The well-disposed and economic conditions in Russia would have made it hard for any leader to keep control, never mind the Tsar (a poor leader who had a lot of opposition.) 80% of Russia were peasants where as the aristocracy who owned 25% of the land and were only 1.5% of the population. This suggests that the gap between the rich and the poor was extreme. As the number of peasants moving to the city increased, more and more people started to brighten how big this gap truly was and did not like it. Having to walk knightly lavish mansions on their way home, to rooms they probably shared with at least 1 other family produced tension between the two social groups. The rich were getting richer and the poor poorer and nobody could move up the system.To attract matters worse Russia spans 12 time zones and 60% of the population did not intercommunicate Russian. The Tsar lived in the far west so if a line of work occurred in the east he would not be able to deal with it for days which meant his control of the fleck decreased. If only 40% of you population speaks the subject area language it makes it harder for internal c ommunication. The laws in Russia may have been harder to understand and those who did not speak the Tsars language would not have been as easy to control. The Tsar did not have as much supremacy as he thought he did because he could not control what was happening with some of the people and circumstances in the other end of his country.The Tsar used a lot of resources to try and keep his people under control, but to me it became apparent that the more resources he used the more the people refused to submit to his rules. One of his many means of control was the unearthly persecution of the Jews. All throughout history dictators have used specific groups of people (mostly the Jews) as scapegoats. Trying to pass the blame of the country onto someone else showed that the Tsar feared he would lose all of his control over the people if they thought it was his entire fault. Other means of control the Tsar used were hush-hush police, regular police, prisons, and the army. In Leo Tolstoys letter to the Tsar in 1902 he says, The numbers of regular police and of the secret police are continually growing.This shows that the Tsar had started these policies but they were not working. People refused to be led by a man that was not objective to all groups in society and did not have the leadership required to be a successful Tsar. Overall I think that in the long-term it weakens his control but in the short term in strengthens his control. Showing the draw off he has the power to use might scare some of the population into behaving (but not for very long, I think they will see right through him.) However, having to rely on force (only at the point of a gun) shows his tinge of the control he has over his country. The fact that the severity of the situation ended in armed forces patrolling the people, carrying live ammunition also shows his concern and ever shrinking clasp of control.After reviewing all of the evidence I believe that the Tsar was not in control of Russia b efore 1905. The Tsars poor qualities as a leader lost him respect from the people, as did the organizations opposing him. His desperation showed a lot in the decisions he made. If you are in control you are not desperate, you believe in the decisions you make, and the Tsar did not. Almost all of his forms of control failed in the long-term.The opposing groups managed to create plans and had a substantial number of followers. The social and economic situation made it ever harder to control Russia and his flaws isolated him from help and minimized the 1.5% of people that believed in him. The strongest evidence in my opinion is the opposition to the Tsar. All of the other facts contributed to the main point that he had opposition. If a leader has friction between him and his people he will always struggle to have control but the Tsar just had to many recurring problems to have control.