Noun Phrase Premodification by Participles

University of Banja Luka Banja Luka Faculty of Philology January 2013 side of meat Language and Literature Seminar story Topic Noun parlance premodification by participials Student Mentor Jelena Galic Dejan Milinovic Table of circumscribe 1. Introduction 2. Participles in premodification 2. 1. ed participle 2. 2. ing participle 2. 3. The difference 3. possible supplantings into Serbian 4. Conclusion 5. References 1. Introduction This paper get out briefly apologize participles on the morphological level and give examples for both of them (-ed and -ing participles). Then it leave show how and when they discharge be delectationd in different se objet darttic and grammatical structures. During the explanation of their use in a clip, it will in any case mention the differences between them, by what they be different and overly the exceptions when they merchantman be almost synonymous.Of course, the translation of these structures, which ar non common in most Slavic languages including Serbian, will also have to be explained. well-nightimes it screwing be a intelligence operation for word translation, hardly in most cases an additional effort is subscribeed to translate the given structures. virtuoso of the aims of this paper is to introduce the morphosyntax learners to the possibility of using participles in noun phrase premodification. This is a r bely used syntactic possibility by non-native English speakers. Also, whiz of the aims is to show them how participles can be correctly interpreted and translated into Serbian.And last scarce not least, we have to learn about noun phrase in prevalent and especially about its constituents because it is the most complex and important phrase in the English language. 2. Participles in premodification Participles in general atomic number 18 words progress to out of verbs and functioning almost exactly like procedurals. There are two types of participles that we are concerned with the present participle (which ends with ing and is used to create the present progressive tense and the wholenesstime(prenominal) progressive tense) and the previous(prenominal) participle (which ends with ed and is used to create hands-off).Of course, there are irregular verbs (such as go gone, do done, etc. ) which do not conform to these postfix rules, plainly the rules of using use are the same. 2. 1. ed participle The past participle or ed participle is often used in premodification and postmodification. It can be active and passive, but passive is far much used. For example The passenger who has departed ? The departed passenger This first sentence cannot be transformed into the indorsement one. Of course, there are exceptions. Some of them are The vanished prise A retired teacher Increased pricesHowever, if we insert an adverb, we can incur a grammatically satisfactory phrase The recently-departed passenger A newly-born scotch The latter(prenominal) example is also an examp le of statal passive or the passive of state (as opposed to the actional passive) which cannot stand without a modifying adverb unless it denotes a permanent make of the noun, for example A born musician A married man We also have participles that cannot be used with every noun. For example, we cannot say He was a move person However, the following sentence is perfectly acceptable He had a very surprised expressionIn the first case, we cannot attribute shock permanently to a person since it is hardly permanent, but with nouns such as expression or look we certainly can. An important thing to conceive is that not all premodifiers ending with ed are participles. Some are denominal words, i. e. they originate from nouns and not verbs at all, for example A wooded hillside A flowered yard But some of these cannot stand alone and need a modifier A green-haired hulk A one-legged puppet On the other hand, we also have borderline examples A trained furrow / A well-trained dogHere we can ask ourselves if the antecedent phrase is semantically correct, since there is no concrete answer in linguistics. 2. 2. ing participle Similar to ed participle, the ing participle can also be used in premodification and postmodification. However, -ing participle tends not to show permanence as opposed to ed participle. When it comes to ing participle, we also have difference concerning the use of definite and indistinct articles. While the indefinite article is usually connected to permanency, the definite article is connected to temporariness. and then we may find this sentence a little bit uncouth and the one after just ine The approaching train is from Liverpool He was frighten by an approaching train. We can also use the definite article for some kind of generalization The start student should not be encouraged that much. The participle here, although we have the definite article before it, shows us that this statement applies to every student who is a beginner in that busy field, not that it is about a certain student. The definite article can be intensified using the ing participle after it, for example A proposal offending many members = the offending proposal This intensifies both the noun and the adjective/participle. . 3. The difference Now, if we want to differentiate ed and ing participles, we can easily do that through these examples I am very bored in anatomy ? I am very boring in class The former sentence means that I find the class boring and the latter one means that I am boring, i. e. that I make batch in class bored. In other words, -ed denotes a condition or a feeling and -ing denotes action or a trait of a person or thing. The best way to show the difference is to use both participles/adjectives in the same sentence I am gravel by how annoying that person is. She was confused by the confusing instruction.Of course, it is marvellous that we will hear these kinds of sentences since these adjectives seem redundant in the same se ntence, but they are good examples for this matter. Also, there are cases where participles in premodification show that the characteristic given to the noun is permanent or attached only to the time of communicate We caught the falling tiles. The fallen tiles remained intact. In this case, the ing participle shows simultaneity of the verb and the feature. However, in the second sentence it shows that the action has already finished when the noun gained the feature.When it comes to differences, it is very important to cerebrate that not all participle-like words are actually participles. At the beginning of this chapter it is stated that participles function almost exactly as adjectives. That is true but only to a certain extent. According to Laczko, there is no singular set of rules for analyzing participle-like premodifiers in a noun phrase there has to be one for true ing and ed participles and the other one for participles converted into adjectives. 3. Possible translations i nto Serbian Translating is one of the skills that are pretty hard to master.Not everyone is a born translator. However, some things follow a pattern while being translated. Premodification in noun phrase is one of those things. Since Serbian does not have a strict word order and Serbian noun phrases differ from the English ones, we mostly have to explore for another way of translating sentences. To make it easier, as it is already mentioned, sample sentences will be used. There are phrases structured as the following ones The vanished treasure = Blago koje je nestalo/Nestalo blago Increased prices = Cijene koje su u porastuA retired teacher = Penziosani ucitelj/Ucitelj koji se penzionisao As we can see, in almost every case we can translate ed participle with a relative clause in Serbian that starts with koji/koje/koja. Then, we have phrases we can translate word for word A born musician = Rodeni muzicar A married man = Ozenjeni covjek There is a similarity between English and Serb ian in the following two sentences He was a surprised person = Bio je iznenadena osoba He had a very surprised expression = Imao je veoma iznenaden izraz lica In both of these languages, there is something off with the first sentence, whereas the second one sounds natural.However, there are many phrases where our only option is descriptive translation. A green-haired monster = Cudoviste sa zelenom kosom A one-legged puppet = Lutak s jednom nogom The translation of ing premodified noun phrases is somewhat similar to the translation of the ed premodified noun phrases. But there are cases where a sentence in Serbian sounds natural although its English equivalent sounds wrong. The approaching train is from Liverpool = Voz koji se pribizava je iz Liverpula However, we also have phrases that are three words long in English and one in SerbianThe beginning student should not be encouraged that much. = Pocetnik ne treba toliko da se ohrabruje All this shows that a lot of factors influence th e translation. We have to pay attention to words as well to semantics, syntax, etc. Nothing is to be neglected. Conclusion Through the examples that are presented in this paper, the basics of the use of participles in noun phrase premodification should be explained. Although the region of participles themselves, that is, of their use, was tapped into, it is essential to receipt the basic difference between the present and the past participle.Without knowing that, there is no way to correctly construct a noun phrase. The other thing emphasized here is the translation of the premodifiers. It is essential to know how to draw parallels between two languages for all English as second Language learners. Also, it is important for us to practice transferring our sense for language from our buzz off tongue to English. References 1. gayness and S. Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English. London Longman, 1973 2. Quirk, Greenbaum and Others. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Langua ge. London Longman, 1985 3. Tibor Laczko.Another look at participles and adjectives in the English DP. Hong Kong CSLI Publications, 2001 2 . Quirk, Greenbaum and Others. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London Longman, 1985) 3 . ibid 4 . ibid 5 . Quirk and S. Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English. (London Longman, 1973) 6 . Quirk, Greenbaum and Others. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London Longman, 1985) 7 . Tibor Laczko. Another look at participles and adjectives in the English DP. (Hong Kong CSLI Publications, 2001)